Kwadalwa ngo 10.10

Yimiphi Imidwebo Okufanele Ivunywe Ngaphambi Kokukhiqizwa Kwemishini Yepulazi Lezinkukhu Ezizalayo?

Ngesikhathi kokuhlelwa kwepulazi lezinkukhu zentengiso, ukukhiqiza akufanele kuqale ngoba nje isiphakamiso samukelwe noma ukuhlelwa okujwayelekile kubonakala kunengqondo. Indawo ephephile yokukhulula iyiphakethe lomdwebo olawulwayo oluxhumanisa izimo zendlu yezinkukhu, ukuhlelwa kwemishini, izinsiza, ukuxhumana kwesakhiwo kanye nobubanzi benkontileka.

Lolu akuyona uhlu lokuhlola olusemthethweni olusebenza kuzo zonke izimo. Imibhalo edingekayo incike ezweni, inkontileka, uhlelo lwezindlu, ububanzi bemishini kanye nenqubo yokugunyazwa yendawo. Inhloso ukuvimbela iqembu elilodwa ekukhiqizeni ngokucabanga okukodwa kuyilapho isakhiwo, izinsiza noma ithimba lokufaka lisebenza ngokunye.

Yini okufanele igunyazwe ngaphambi kokuba ukukhiqiza kuqale?

Ngaphambi kokuba imishini ikhululwe ukuze ikhiqizwe, ithimba lephrojekthi kufanele likwazi ukukhomba irejista yomdwebo yamanje eyodwa kanye nenguqulo egunyaziwe yawo wonke umdwebo odingekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe noma kuxhumaniswe ububanzi obuvunyelwene ngabo. Kuye ngephrojekthi, lelo phakethe lingase lifake amaqembu alandelayo.

1. Isisekelo somklamo wephrojekthi kanye nenkomba yemidwebo elawulwayo

Isisekelo somklamo sibhala okokufaka okusekela imidwebo: ubunikazi bephrojekthi, uhlobo lwendlu, uhlelo lokukhiqiza okuvunyelwene ngalo, inhloso yokusebenza, ubukhulu bendlu, umqondo womugqa kanye nesigaba, isisekelo sesimo sezulu, ulwazi lwezinsiza kanye nokuhlukaniswa kokuhlinzeka. Inkomba elawulwayo ibala wonke umdwebo ofanele ngenombolo yedokhumenti, isihloko, ukubuyekezwa, usuku, isimo kanye nomhloli obhekele. Ngaphandle kwale nkomba, i-PDF egunyaziwe kuyi-imeyili eyodwa ingashayisana nefayela lakamuva elisetshenziswa ukuthenga noma ukukhiqiza.

2. Imidwebo yesiza, yesakhiwo kanye nokuhamba kwangaphakathi

Iphakethe lesiza noma lesakhiwo kufanele lisungule imingcele okufanele imishini ingene kuyo. Amadokhumenti awusizo angafaka amapulani esiza nesakhiwo; amapulani endlu, ukuphakama kanye nezigaba; amagridi ezakhiwo kanye nemikhawulo; amazinga aphansi aqediwe, imigodi, imisele, izindlela zokudonsa amanzi kanye nezikhala; ukufinyelela kokufaka nokulungisa; kanye nokwabiwa kwegumbi lemishini noma indawo yesevisi.

Ububanzi noma ubude bendlu obulinganiselwe akusho ukuthi yisilinganiso sangaphakathi esisetshenzisekayo. Amakholomu, ukwakheka kwezindonga, iminyango, imishayo, imigodi kanye nezikhala zokulungisa kungashintsha indawo etholakalayo.

3. Imidwebo yokuhlelwa jikelele kwemishini

Imidwebo yokuhlelwa jikelele ikhombisa ukuthi imishini yepulazi lesendlalelo elizenzakalelayo ngokuphelele, lapho kufakwe esikhaleni esivunyelwene, kungena ngaphakathi kwendlu. Ngokuvamile badinga ulwazi olwanele lwepulani kanye nezingxenye ukuze bahlole imigqa, amaleveli, imigwaqo yesevisi, izindawo zokuqala nokuphela, amayunithi okushayela, amaphoyinti okudlulisa, ukugeleza kwezinyoni/amaqanda/ukudla/umquba, ukufinyelela komsebenzisi kanye nokuhlobana neminyango, amakholomu, imigodi kanye nezimbobo. Ukuhlelwa okujwayelekile kuwumdwebo wokuxhumanisa, akusikho esikhundleni sayo yonke imininingwane yokukhiqiza, kodwa kufanele kuveze ukungqubuzana kwezixhumanisi ngaphambi kokukhiqiza.

4. Ukusekela, izisekelo, imithwalo kanye nezixhumanisi zokulungisa

Lapho imishini incike emsebenzini wokwakha noma wesakhiwo, abathintekayo abaphethe kufanele badidiyelwe ukulungisa izindawo, izindawo zokubopha, ukusabela kokusekela, imithwalo elengayo, ukuhlangana kwe-slab noma umgodi kanye nezikhala ezigciniwe. Umhlinzeki uhlala enesibopho sokuqiniseka kolwazi lwemishini aluhlinzekayo. Uchwepheshe wendawo ofanelekile kufanele anqume ukuthi lolo lwazi lufakwa kanjani esakhiweni nokuthi luyazanelisa yini izidingo zendawo ezisebenzayo. Ukugunyazwa komthengi akufanele kuthathwe njengokudluliswa komthwalo wokuklama noma wokukhiqiza kamhlinzeki.

5. Ukuxhumanisa kokuphakelwa, amanzi kanye nokukhipha amanzi

Iphakethe kufanele lakhelwe phezu kokuqinisekisiwe ulwazi lukagesi namanzi ngaphambi kwesilinganiso sentengo futhi kukhombise ukuxhumana phakathi kwemishini nezinsiza zephrojekthi: indlela yokugcina nokulethwa kokudla, imigqa nezindawo zokudlulisa, umqondo wokungena nokusabalalisa kwamanzi, izindawo zokulawula ingcindezi nokugeza, izindawo zokukhipha amanzi noma zokulahla, kanye nomthwalo wemithwalo wamapayipi, amavalvu, amathangi, amaphampu, izinzwa kanye nokuxhumana kwesayithi. Inhloso ukuthi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi indlela ephelele ingafakwa, isetshenziswe futhi inakekelwe ngaphakathi kobubanzi obuvunyelwene ngabo.

6. Izindawo zokuqoqa amaqanda nokuphatha umquba

Izinhlelo zamaqanda nomquba zivame ukweqa umngcele phakathi kwemishini, isakhiwo kanye nemisebenzi yasemuva. Ukubuyekezwa kufanele kuthole indlela nokwezinga lokudlulisa, izimbobo, ama-conveyor, izindawo zokuqoqa kanye neqembu elibhekele ukuxhumana ngakunye. Uma igumbi lamaqanda lasemuva, indawo yokugcina umquba, ukumisa noma ukuhlelwa kwezokuthutha kungaphandle kobubanzi bomhlinzeki, lokho kungafakwa kufanele kubonakale kurejista yemidwebo noma ku-matrix yomthwalo wemfanelo. Umngcele ongachazwanga awufani nokungafakwa okuvunyelwene ngakho.

7. Ukuxhumana komoya, imvelo kanye nokuxhumana kukagesi

Izingxenye zokusebenza azikwazi ukuxhumaniswa ngokuzimela ngaphandle kwendawo yendlu. Kuye ngomkhakha okontilishiwe, iphakethe lingase lifake izindawo zefeni kanye nezindawo zokungena, ukucatshangelwa kwendlela yomoya, izixhumanisi zokupholisa, izindawo zezinzwa, ukuxhumanisa ukukhanyisa, ulwazi lomthwalo kagesi, imiqondo yomugqa owodwa, amaphaneli okulawula, izindlela zamakhebula, uhlu lwe-I/O kanye nezincazelo zokuxhumana. Umhlinzeki wekheji noma wemishini yokuphakela akufanele ethulwe njengegunya eligunyaza umklamo ophelele wesakhiwo, kagesi, ukuphepha komlilo noma wokungenisa umoya ngaphandle uma lowo mkhakha wobungcweti uvunyelwe ngokusemthethweni futhi uvunyelwe ngokomthetho.

8. Imidwebo yokufaka, ukufinyelela kanye nokuphakamisa

Imishini ekwazi ukukhiqizwa isengaba nzima ukulethwa noma ukufakwa, ngakho ukubuyekezwa komdwebo kufanele kuxhumaniswe ne-inqubo yepulazi lezinkukhu eliguqukayo. Buyekeza ukuthi ukulandelana kwesakhiwo, iminyango nezikhala, indawo yokwehlisa impahla, indlela yokuphakamisa, ukufinyelela kwesikhashana nendawo yokuhlanganisa kuyahambisana yini nemishini nohlelo. Lapho ulwazi lungakapheli, sebenzisa indawo yokubamba ecacile esikhundleni sokucabanga ngokuthula ukuthi indawo izokwamukela izingxenye eziqediwe.

Qala ngokuqinisa isisekelo somklamo wephrojekthi

Ukuvunywa kwemidwebo kunengqondo kuphela lapho okokufaka okuyisisekelo kuzinzile. Qinisekisa ubunjalo bephrojekthi eyodwa; ubukhulu bendlu yamanje kanye nemikhawulo yesakhiwo; umqondo wendlu nemishini okuvunyelwene ngawo; izinhloso zokusebenza; izicabango zesimo sezulu nokulawulwa kwemvelo; izinsiza ezitholakalayo; izindlela ezihlosiwe zamaqanda, ukudla kanye nomquba; imingcele yokuhlinzeka ngesivumelwano; kanye nokulandelana kokwakha nokufaka. Uma okokufaka kushintsha, iphakethe lingase lidinge ukubuyekezwa okulawulwayo. Isiginesha esikubuyekezweni esidala akufanele kucatshangwe ukuthi sivumela izinguquko zakamuva.

Ubani kufanele agunyaze ini?

Iqembu	Ukuqinisekiswa okujwayelekile ngaphambi kokukhishwa	Okungafanele kusho ukuthi
Umthengi noma umnikazi wephrojekthi	Okokufaka kwephrojekthi, izinqumo zokusebenza, ububanzi bezentengiselwano, izinketho ezikhethiwe kanye nesinqumo sokukhishwa okugunyaziwe	Ukwamukelwa kokuphambuka okungaziwa noma ukudluliswa komthwalo womphakeli
Umhlinzeki wemishini	Ukwakhiwa kwemishini, ulwazi lokukhiqiza, ukuxhumanisa kwangaphakathi, imithwalo eshiwo kanye nezidingo zokuxhuma ngaphakathi kobubanzi bayo	Ukuvunywa kwazo zonke izindaba zokwakha zasendaweni, zesakhiwo noma zokulawula
Umakhi wendawo/unjiniyela wendawo	Ukuhlanganiswa kwezakhiwo kanye nezingxenye ezidinga ukubuyekezwa kochwepheshe basendaweni	Umthwalo wemfanelo wamaphutha emishini engadalulwanga umhlinzeki
Usokontileka we-EPC noma umfaki	Ukwakheka, izilinganiso zendawo, ukulandelana, ukufinyelela nokuxhumanisa ukufakwa ngaphakathi kwenkontileka yayo	Igunya lokushintsha ububanzi benkontileka ngaphandle kokulawulwa
Isiphathimandla esifanelekile	Izimvume noma izigunyazo zomthetho ezidingekayo kuleyo ndawo	Ukwamukelwa kwezohwebo noma kobuchwepheshe ngaphezu kwendima yayo yomthetho

I-matrix eqondile kufanele ilandele inkontileka esayiniwe kanye nomthetho osebenzayo. Lapho izindima zihlangana khona, shono igama lomuntu noma inhlangano ebhekele isinqumo ngasinye esikhundleni sokuthembela ezihlokweni kuphela.

Kufanele kusho ukuthini ukuthi “kugunyazwe ukukhiqizwa”?

Irekhodi lokukhululwa elisebenzayo kufanele liqinisekise ukuthi: ubunikazi bephrojekthi bunembile; yonke idrowing inenombolo, ukubuyekezwa, usuku, amayunithi kanye nesimo; izilinganiso ezibalulekile kanye namaphoyinti okubamba ziyabonakala; ukuxhumana kwesakhiwo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza kuhleliwe; ukuphawula kuvaliwe noma kurekhodwe njengamaphoyinti okubamba; irejista yamadrowing, uhlu lwezinto ezisetshenziswayo, ububanzi besiphakamiso kanye nenkontileka kusebenzisa ukubuyekezwa okufanayo; ukubuyekezwa kwasendaweni okudingekayo kuye kwabhekwa; abantu abagunyaziwe bakhiphe ukukhululwa okubhaliwe; futhi izinguquko zakamuva kufanele zilandele ukulawulwa kokubuyekezwa.

“Okokubuyekezwa,” “okokwaziswa,” “okokuqala,” “kugunyazwe ngamazwana” kanye nokuthi “kugunyazwe ukukhiqizwa” akusho into efanayo.

Izimpawu eziyisixwayiso okufanele zimise ukukhishwa kokukhiqiza

Misa uma imidwebo emibili ikhombisa ubukhulu noma ukuhlelwa okuhlukile; ukubuyekezwa kwakamuva akukwazi ukukhonjwa; ukuphawula kuhlala kuvulekile ngaphandle kwephoyinti lokubamba; izimbobo, imigodi, izisekelo noma izingqalasizinda azihambisani nezixhumanisi; umdwebo ogunyaziwe nohlu lwezinto ezisetshenziswayo luchaza ububanzi obuhlukile; umsayini akanagunya elichaziwe; ukubuyekezwa kwendawo okudingekayo akukaziwa isimo; ulwazi oluyimfihlo alunamthetho wokusabalalisa; noma ushintsho lwasemuva lomlomo alunakho ezincwadini ezilawulwayo.

Ukuma lapha akukhona ukubambezeleka kokuphatha. Kuyisinqumo esilawulwayo sokugwema ukukhiqiza ngokungqubuzana nokokufaka.

Kufanele zilawulwe kanjani izinguqulo nezinguquko?

Ngemuva kokukhishwa, zonke izinguquko ezihlongozwayo kufanele ziqophe isizathu; imidwebo ethintekayo, imishini, ukuxhumana kwezakhiwo kanye nezinto ezisohlwini lwezinto ezisetshenziswayo; umthelela kwezobuchwepheshe, izindleko kanye nesikhathi; inhlangano ecela; ababuyekezi kanye negunya lokugunyaza; ukubuyekezwa okusha kanye nosuku lokukhishwa; kanye nokuthi ukukhiqizwa kuyama, kuqhubeka nomsebenzi ongathintekile noma kulinda endaweni yokumisa. Imidwebo eshintshiwe kufanele imakwe futhi isuswe ekusetshenzisweni okusebenzayo kokukhiqiza nokufaka. Gcina ingobo yomlando, kodwa ukubuyekezwa okukodwa kuphela okufanele kube kwamanje ngenjongo ngayinye.

Yini okufanele umthengi ayithumele ukuze aqale ukubuyekezwa?

Thumela amapulani ezindlu ancono kakhulu atholakalayo kanye nezigaba, imikhawulo yesakhiwo, ulwazi lwaphansi, indawo yephrojekthi nesisekelo sesimo sezulu, izinsiza, umqondo wokukhiqiza, ububanzi bemishini kanye nokungafakiwe, izindlela zamaqanda/umquba ophumayo, uhlelo, oxhumana nabo ezinqumweni, kanye nezidingo zendawo zochwepheshe/imvume/ifomethi yedokhumenti. Uma ulwazi lungaphelele, lufake ilebula njengolusalindile futhi nivumelane ngosuku lwesinqumo. Okungaziwa okubonakalayo kuphephile kunokucabanga okufihliwe.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa

Ingabe isakhiwo esisodwa semishini sanele?

Ngokuvamile cha. Isakhiwo singaqinisekisa ukuhlelwa okujwayelekile, kodwa ukukhishwa kungase futhi kudinga izigaba, izixhumanisi, izisekelo, izinsiza, izindlela zesistimu, inkomba elawulwayo kanye nokuqinisekiswa komthwalo wemfanelo.

Ubani okufanele asayine?

Inkontileka nemithetho yendawo inquma ababuyekezi. Abahlanganyeli abajwayelekile umthengi ogunyaziwe, umhlinzeki wemishini kanye nochwepheshe bendawo abafanele. Izimvume zomthetho zihlala kuziphathimandla ezinamandla.

Ingabe ukukhiqiza kungaqala ngaphambi kokuba indlu iqedwe?

Kungenzeka uma ubukhulu, ukuxhumana, imithwalo yemfanelo kanye namaphoyinti okubamba adingekayo kulawulwa. Akufanele kuqhubeke nje ngoba ukwakhiwa sekuqalile.

Ingabe imvume yomthengi ikhulula umhlinzeki emthwalweni wemfanelo?

Asikho isitatimende esijwayelekile okufanele sicabange lokho. Ukuvunyelwa komthengi ngokuvamile kuqinisekisa okokufaka nokuthathwa kwezinqumo okucacisiwe. Umhlinzeki usalokhu ebophezelekile ngokwakhe ngomklamo wakhe, ulwazi lokukhiqiza kanye nobubanzi obudaluliwe, ngokuya ngenkontileka nomthetho.

Ingabe imodeli ye-3D yanele?

Imodeli ingasekela ukuxhumanisa, kodwa ithimba lisadinga ubunikazi obulawulwayo, isimo sokubuyekezwa, izibopho kanye namarekhodi okukhishwa kokukhiqiza.

Kuthiwani uma umdwebo ushintsha ngemva kokukhishwa?

Hlola imiphumela yezobuchwepheshe, yentengo kanye nesheduli, khipha inguqulo entsha, thola izimvume ezidingekayo futhi uvimbele ulwazi oludlulisiwe ukuthi luqhubeke lusetshenziswa ngokusebenzayo.

Ingabe ukukhiqiza kungaqala ngenkathi imvume isalindile?

Lokho kuncike kuphrojekthi kanye nendawo. Thola iseluleko kochwepheshe nabaphathi bendawo abafanele; ungacabangi ukuthi isidingo somthetho asidingeki ngenxa yengcindezi yesheduli.

Yakha indlela yokugunyaza ngaphambi kokukhishwa kwefekthri

Iphakethe elinamandla kakhulu akulona elinamakhasi amaningi. Yilelo elivumela wonke umuntu obhekene nomthwalo ukuthi abone okokufaka okufanayo, ukuxhumana, ububanzi, inguqulo kanye namaphoyinti okubamba angaxazululiwe.

Ngaphambi kokucela ukukhishwa kokukhiqiza, lungiselela imidwebo yendlu yamanje, ulwazi lwezinsiza, ububanzi bemishini kanye nohlu lwezibopho, bese uxhuma irekhodi lokukhishwa ku-uhlu lokuhlola ukusebenza kwepulazi lezinkukhu esetshenziswa ngaphambi kokubekwa. I-DAOFENG ingasebenzisa lezo zinto zokufaka ukusiza ukuhlela ukubuyekezwa kokuxhumanisa imishini. Ubunjiniyela bokugcina, ukuthobela umthetho kanye nezibopho zokugunyazwa kuhlala kuncike enkontilekeni, ochwepheshe basendaweni abaqeqeshiwe kanye neziphathimandla ezifanele.

Izindaba Ezihlobene