Iphrojekthi yePhalanga lezinkukhu eziyi-100,000 eNingizimu Korea | Isixazululo Esiphelele sezinkukhu
Kwadalwa ngo 06.23
Iphrojekthi ye-Layer Farm eyi-100,000 e-South Korea | Isixazululo Esiphelele Sokulima Izinkukhu
Isifinyezo Semboni Yokulima Izinkukhu Eziqandayo e-South Korea kanye Nesidingo Semishini
1. Isimo Samanje Semakethe Okulima Izinkukhu Eziqandayo e-South Korea
Ukudla amaqanda eNingizimu Korea kuye kwaqina cishe ku-12.5 kg umuntu ngamunye ngonyaka eminyakeni yamuva, okubalelwa ukuthi kufinyelela isidingo esiphelele sonyaka sama-tons angaphezu kuka-650,000 amaqanda anezikwele. Lesi sisekelo esiqinile sesidingo siye sanyusa umkhakha wokufuya izinkukhu ezibeka amaqanda ukuthi usuke kancane kancane emisebenzini emincane yasemuva endlini uye ekufuveni okukhulu okubanzi. Kusukela ngo-2025, idatha evela kuKorea Poultry Association ibonisa ukuthi amapulazi anomthamo wezinkukhu ezingaphezu kuka-50,000 abalelwa ku-62% yenani lonke lezinkukhu ezibeka amaqanda ezweni, lenyuke kusuka ku-41% ishumi leminyaka eyedlule. Ukusabalala kokukhiqizwa kugxile eGyeonggi-do, Chungcheongnam-do, naseJeollabuk-do, lapho indawo eyisicaba kanye nokuhamba kalula kusekela ukuthuthukiswa kwamapulazi amakhulu.
Uhulumeni waseNingizimu Korea wethule uchungechunge lwemigomo eqinile yezemvelo ukubhekana nezikhalo zomphakathi mayelana nephunga nokungcola kwamanzi okuvela emapulazini ezilwane. Umthetho we-Livestock Waste Management Act ka-2020 ovuselelwe ugunyaza ukuthi wonke amapulazi ezinkukhu ezibeka amaqanda anezinkukhu ezingaphezu kuka-10,000 kumele asebenzise izinhlelo zokwelapha umquba ezivalekile, futhi ubeka imingcele ecacile emazingeni okukhishwa kwe-ammonia eduze kwemingcele yepulazi. Amapulazi amancane angakwazi ukuhlangabezana nalezi zidingo abhekana nezinhlawulo ezinkulu noma ukuvalwa ngokuphoqelelwe, okusheshisa ukuhlanganiswa kwemboni futhi kuphoqe abaqhubi abakhona ukuthi bathuthukise imishini yabo ukuze bahlangabezane namazinga okuthobela.
Ngalesi simo sezepolitiki nesemakethe, amaphrojekthi amakhulu anezinkukhu ezingaphezu kuka-100,000 ayakhethwa kakhulu njengenketho entsha yokutshala imali. Ukuncanyelwa okukhulayo kwabathengi kwamaqanda endawo aphephile, alandelelwe, kuphinde kucindezele abalimi ukuthi bamukele izinhlelo zokukhiqiza ezizenzakalelayo ezijwayelekile, ezingakwazi ukulawula kangcono izithako zokudla kanye nezindawo zokuzalanisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi yeqanda engaguquki ehlangabezana nokulindelekile kwemakethe.
2. Izinkinga Ezijwayelekile Zemishini Yakudala Yokulima Izinkukhu Eziqandayo e-South Korea
Izinkukhu ezincane nezimaphakathi eziningi zaseNingizimu Korea zisasebenzisa izakhiwo zamajela ezinyathela noma ezicaba, ezihlale zibhekene nezingqinamba eziningi ezikhawulela ukukhiqiza nokuhambisana nemithetho: ukuminyana okuphansi kokufuya kudala ukumosha izinsiza zomhlaba ezinganqamuki, ukuqoqwa komquba ovulekile kukhiqiza iphunga elibi elibanga izikhalazo ezilula ezivela kubahlali abaseduze, ukuqoqwa kweqanda ngesandla kudinga umsebenzi omkhulu obhekene nezindleko eziphakeme zomsebenzi kanye nokushoda kwabasebenzi, kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula imvelo ezibuyele emuva azikwazi ukuzinzisa imvelo yendlu ezikhathini eziyingozi, okuholela ekwandeni kokulahla izinkukhu nasekuwohlokeni kokukhiqizwa kweqanda.
Umehluko oyinhloko phakathi kwemishini yokulima yendabuko namaseli enkukhu esezingeni eliphezulu manje yilezi:
Ubukhulu bokusebenza | Imishini yendabuko yokulima encane | Amageji ezinkukhu ezizenzakalelayo zesimanje |
Ukuminyana kokuzalela nge-100㎡ | Izinyoni ezingu-1,200–1,800 | Izinyoni ezingu-4,000–5,500 |
Indlela yokwelapha umquba | Ukuhlanza njalo ngesandla, ukugcina kuvulekile | Ukudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo ngesikhathi sangempela, ukwelashwa okuhlanganisiwe okuboshiwe |
Indlela yokuqoqa amaqanda | Ukuqoqa ngesandla, ukusebenza kwesigamu sobude | Ukuhambisa okumaphakathi okuzenzakalelayo ngokugcwele, ukuhlunga |
Ukulungisa imvelo | Ukungena komoya komshini, ukulungisa izinga lokushisa ngesandla | Ukulungisa okuhlakaniphile okuzenzakalelayo kwezinga lokushisa, umswakama kanye nekhwalithi yomoya |
Ukufakwa kwabasebenzi ezinyonini eziyi-10,000 | 2.5–3 abasebenzi besikhathi esigcwele | 0.3–0.5 abasebenzi besikhathi esigcwele |
Lezi zinkinga azikwandisi izindleko zokusebenza zamapulazi amancane naphakathi, kodwa futhi kwenza kube nzima ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nekhwalithi yokudla, okuphoqa abalimi abaningi nabaningi ukuba bakhethe ukufaka imishini yendabuko ngamasistimu esezingeni eliphezulu esikhundleni lapho kwandiswa noma kwakhiwa kabusha amapulazi.
3. Kungani Amaphrojekthi Okulima Izinkukhu Ezindala Namuhla Ekhetha Amaseli Okulima Azizenzakalelayo
I-South Korea izwe elinezinsiza zomhlaba ezilinganiselwe kakhulu, indawo yomhlaba ongamelwa umuntu ngamunye ingamahektha angu-0.03 kuphela, futhi amanani omhlaba ezindaweni eziseduze nezimakethe zabathengi njengendawo enkulu yedolobha laseSeoul ahlala ephezulu. Izindlu zenkukhu ezibekwe ngezingqimba zenza ukuzalanisa okumile okunamandla amathathu, okungakhuphula umthamo wokuzalanisa ngendawo eyodwa ngo-2-3 izikhathi uma kuqhathaniswa nemodeli yendabuko yezindlu ezibekwe ngezinga, kusiza amaphrojekthi amakhulu ukuthi alawule kahle izindleko zokuthenga noma zokuqasha umhlaba. Ephrojekthini yezinkukhu eziyi-100,000, ukubekwa ngezinga kufuna indawo yendlu yenkukhu okungenani eyi-1,800-2,000 square meters, kanti umklamo wezingqimba eziyi-12 ungakwazi ukuqedela isilinganiso esifanayo sokuzalanisa endaweni engama-500-600 square meters kuphela, okonga ngaphezu kuka-70% wesikhala sesiza.
Isakhiwo esinezendlalela senzelwe ukuhambisana nesistimu ephelele yokusekelwa okuzenzakalelayo, okuhlanganisa ukuqoqwa kweqanda esimaphakathi, ukudla okuzenzakalelayo, ukulawulwa kwesimo sezulu okuhlakaniphile, nokwelashwa okuhlanganisiwe kwendle. Isiteshi sokudlulisa esiqondile phakathi kwezendlalela singaxhuma kahle isixhumanisi ngasinye sokukhiqiza, sigweme isithiyo sesikhala esenza kube nzima ukuhlela imishini ezenzakalelayo ekucushweni okuhlakazekile kwendabuko. Lokhu kuhlelwa okuhlanganisiwe okuzenzakalelayo akunciphisi nje kuphela isidingo sezisebenzi, kodwa futhi kufeza ukuphathwa kwedatha okujwayelekile kuyo yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza, okwenza kube lula abalimi ukuthi balungise amasu okuzalanisa ngesikhathi sangempela ngokuya ngedatha yokukhiqiza. Ngemuva kwezindleko ezikhulayo zezisebenzi eNingizimu Korea kanye nokuqondiswa okuqine kakhulu kwemvelo nokuphepha kokudla, izinzuzo ezibanzi zezindlu zenkukhu ezinezendlalela ezizenzakalelayo ziye zabenza inketho yokuqala yamaphrojekthi amasha amakhulu okufuya izinkukhu.
Isingeniso kuphrojekthi ye-100,000 Yamakheji Ezinkukhu Zamaqanda eNingizimu Korea
1. Isibuyekezo Esiyisisekelo sephrojekthi kanye nokucushwa okuyinhloko
Le phrojekthi yamajaja ezinkukhu ezinezendlalelo eziyi-100,000 itholakala eChungcheongnam-do, indawo eyinhloko yokukhiqiza izinkukhu eNingizimu Korea. Indawo itholakala ema-kilomitha angu-25 ukusuka endaweni eseduze yokuhlala futhi inendawo eyisicaba, eqinile ehambisana kahle nezidingo zokulima okukhulu, kunciphisa izindleko zokuthutha ukuze kusatshalaliswe amaqanda ezindaweni eziseduze zokucubungula.
Amapharamitha ayinhloko ephrojekthi ahlelwe kanje:
Ipharamitha Eyinhloko | Ukucaciswa |
Isilinganiso sokuzalanisa | Izinkukhu eziyi-100,000 |
Ukucaciswa kwekheji | Amakheji angu-3 emiqulu, angu-12 emalweleni |
Izinhlelo ezisekelayo eziyinhloko | Uhlelo oluphakathi lokubutha amaqanda, uhlelo lokulawula imvelo, uhlelo lokomisa umquba |
Indawo yonke | Indawo engu-580㎡ yendlu yenkukhu, indawo yonke engu-2100㎡ |
Impahla yekheji yenkukhu | Ins simbi egcotshwe ngomlilo enokwelashwa okulwa nokugqwala |
Ukulungiselelwa kwezikhala ezintathu ezinezingqimba eziyi-12 kulinganisa ukusebenza kahle kokuzalanisa kanye nokulula kokusebenza. Izikhala ezintathu eziqondile zakha isakhiwo esinezindawo ezimbili zokusebenza, okuvumela abasebenzi bokugcinwa ukuthi bafinyelele kunoma iyiphi ingqimba ukuze kuhlolwe nsuku zonke ngaphandle kwezindawo ezingabonakali. Isakhiwo sezendlalelo eziyi-12 senza ukusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwesikhala esiqondile, kanti ukuqinisa isakhiwo kuqinisekisa ukuthwala okuzinzile kwayo yonke imishini, kugwema izingozi zokuphepha ezibangelwa izakhiwo eziphakeme kakhulu. Le ngxube ihlangabezana nje nenhloso yokuzalanisa eyi-100,000 ngaphandle kokuchitha isikhala ngokweqile.
2. Umklamo Wokuhlelwa Okuphelele Kwepulojekthi
Iqembu lezindlu zenkukhu ezinamakhola angu-3 namaloli angu-12 lihlelwe ngobude bendlu yenkukhu eyisikwele, kunezindlela zokusebenza nokulungisa ezibanzi ngo-1.2-meter ezihlukanisa amakholomu amathathu. Lokhu kuhlelwa kugcina yonke indlu yenkukhu iseduze nabasebenzi, futhi kushiya isikhala esanele sokujikela izimoto ezincane zikagesi ezisebenza ukuhlolwa njalo nokulungiswa okuncane. Isiphetho sendlu yenkukhu sigodla isikhala esizimele esingu-8-meter sokubeka igumbi lokulawula eliyinhloko nendawo yokugcina amaqanda okwesikhashana, exhuma ngqo nendawo yokuphuma yohlelo oluphakathi lokuqoqa amaqanda, kwenza lula inqubo yokudlulisa kusukela ekuqoqweni kwamaqanda kuya ekuthuthweni kwangaphandle.
Ukuhlelwa kwesikhala esiqondile nakho kulandela ingqiqo esebenzayo. Izendlalelo ezimbili ezingezansi zibekwe u-60cm ngaphezu komhlabathi ukuze kugwenywe ukubola okubangelwa umswakama womhlabathi, okwandisa impilo yesevisi yesakhiwo sensimbi. U-30cm wesikhala phakathi kwesendlalelo nesendlalelo uhlangabezana nesidingo somoya, uvimbela ukuqoqana komoya omubi phakathi kwezendlalelo ezingaphezulu nezansi, ngenkathi ugwema ukuchitha isikhala esiqondile okungadingekile okubangelwa isikhala esikhulu kakhulu.
Ezokwakhiwa kwezindlu zomphakathi, iphrojekthi idinga ukuphakama okucacile kwamamitha angu-3 emaphethelweni uphahla kanye nesisekelo sikakhonkolo esiqiniswe ngensimbi esinamandla okuthwala angaphezu kuka-15kN/㎡. Uphahla lusebenzisa amaphaneli ensimbi anemibala ye-polyurethane anokufakelwa kokushisa, okunciphisa umthelela wokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa kwangaphandle endaweni yangaphakathi yendlu yenkukhu. Ingaphandle lendlu yenkukhu lihlome imbobo yokudonsa amanzi ka-1-imitha ububanzi eyenziwe ngokhonkolo ukuze kukhishwe kahle amanzi emvula kugwenywe amanzi aqongekayo acele isisekelo sezinto zikagesi.
3. Izinto Ezibalulekile Zokuhambisana Nemithetho YaseNingizimu Korea YasekuLinyeni Lwasendaweni
INingizimu Korea inezidingo eziqinile zokuvikelwa kwemvelo kwezilimo zezilwane kanye nokuvimbela izifo zezilwane, futhi yonke imiklamo yalo mphakathi ilungiswa ngokwezindinganiso zakamuva zomthetho wasendaweni ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana okuphelele.
Ngokuphathelene nokwelashwa komquba, iphrojekthi ihlinzekwa ngohlelo oluvalwe ngokuphelele oluzenzakalelayo lokudlulisa umquba oluxhunywe ngqo kudivayisi yokomisa umquba ehlanganisiwe. Akukho ukugcinwa komquba ovulekile kulo lonke indawo, okulawula ukukhishwa kwe-ammonia kusukela emthonjeni. Umquba omisiwe ugcinwa ezindaweni zokugcina ezivalekile futhi uthunyelwa ngaphandle njalo ukuze usetshenziswe njengezinsiza, uhlangabezana ngokuphelele nemikhawulo yokukhishwa kwe-ammonia kanye nezidingo zokuphathwa komquba okuvalekile ezibekwe kuMthetho Wokuphathwa Kwemfucuza Yezilwane zaseNingizimu Korea.
Ukuvimbela izifo zezilwane, umklamo udweba ukuhlukaniswa okucacile kwemisebenzi yesiza: indawo yokungena inesitezi sokubulala amagciwane kanye nesiteshi sokubulala amagciwane abantu, futhi indlu yenkukhu yamukela umklamo ovalwe ngokuphelele ukuze kugwenywe ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinyoni zasendle kanye nomhlambi. Zonke izinto zokwakha amakheji zinezindawo ezibushelelezi ngaphandle kwezimbotshana, okwenza kube lula ukubulala amagciwane njalo futhi kunciphise ubungozi bokuhlala kwamagciwane. Umklamo we-ventilation system nawo ulandela ngokuqinile izidingo ze-biosafety, umoya okhishwa ngaphandle uyakhishwa ngemuva kokuhlungwa nokubulawa kwamagciwane ukuze kugwenywe ukungcola okungahlangene nemvelo yangaphandle, okuhlangabezana nemithetho yokuphathwa kwezifo zezilwane yasendaweni yamapulazi amakhulu ezinkukhu.
III. Ukuhlaziywa Kokucushwa Kwesistimu Esemqoka Yomphakathi
1. 3 Tiers 12 Tiers Layered Chicken Cage: Izinzuzo Zokuklama Nokwazi Ukwamukela
Ngokumelene nokunikezwa komhlaba okulinganiselwe kwezwe laseNingizimu Korea, umklamo ophakeme wezendlalelo eziyi-12 kule phrojekthi uhlasela ngqo iphuzu elibalulekile lokusetshenziswa kwesikhala. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezendlalelo eziyi-8-10 ezivamile emakethe, lo mklamo wandisa ukuminyana kokuzalela ngemitha yesikwele ngo-20% kuya ku-25% ngenkathi ugcina ukufinyeleleka kokusebenza. Ngokwesikali samahlathi ayi-100,000, uhlelo lwezendlalelo eziyi-8 lungadinga amamitha ayi-120 kuye kwayi-150 esikwele engeziwe sendlu yenkukhu, okuhumushwa kube izinkulungwane zamadola ezindlekweni ezingeziwe zomhlaba nokwakhiwa emakethe yaseNingizimu Korea lapho amanani omhlaba ephezulu.
Ngokungafani nemiklamo ephezulu kakhulu yezendlalelo ezingaphezu kuka-15 ezihlambalaza ukufinyeleleka nokuqina komklamo, ukwakheka kwezendlalelo eziyi-12 kuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kwesikhala esiqondile kanye nokulula kokuphathwa kwansuku zonke. Isendlalelo ngasinye sigcina isikhala esilinganayo samasentimitha angama-30 phakathi kwezendlalelo, esiqinisekisa ukujikeleza komoya okwanele phakathi kwezinkukhu ezingaphezulu nezansi, sigwema ukuqoqana komoya ongcolile ovame ukwenzeka emiklamweni ephezulu kakhulu enezingcindezi. Isikhukhu ngasinye sigcina amasentimitha ayi-450 wesikhala sokuzivocavoca, esihlangabezana nezidingo zokuzivocavoca zezinkukhu ezindala futhi sigwema ukwehla kwekhwalithi yamayî ngokuphathwa kabi. Umklamo ophakanyisiwe wesendlalelo esingezansi u-60cm ukusuka emhlabathini ugcina umswakama womhlabathi, unciphisa ukubola kwesakhiwo sensimbi isikhathi eside futhi wandise impilo yesevisi yomshini wonke ngeminyaka emi-3 kuya kwemi-5 uma kuqhathaniswa nezinkukhu ezindala ezingezansi.
INingizimu Korea inesimo sezulu solwandle olunomswakama kakhulu kanye nemvula enesihlungu kaningi. Zonke izinsika zamakheji enkukhu zisebenzisa insimbi e-hot-dip galvanized enomswakama ongaphansi kuka-80 microns, ongamelana nokuhlafunwa isikhathi eside yi-ammonia nomswakama endlini yenkukhu, futhi ugweme ukugqwala okuthinta impilo yesevisi. Ingaphezulu lebhokisi ngalinye lenkukhu lihlanjululwe ukuze kususwe izimbotshana, okunciphisa ukulimala kwamaqanda aphukile nokulimala kwesikhumba seqanda okubangelwa ukuklwebheka, futhi kuvumelana kakhulu nendawo yokuzalanisa yendawo.
4. Uhlelo Olugxile Lokubutha Amaqanda Ngokuzenzakalelayo: Thuthukisa Ukusebenza Kahle futhi Nciphise Umonakalo Wamaqanda
Uhlelo oluphakathi lokuthatha amaqanda ngokuzenzakalelayo kule phrojekthi luhlanganisa ithileyi leqanda lawo wonke amazinga esidlekeni sezinkukhu ngokusebenzisa inethiwekhi yebhande lokudlulisa. Amaqanda akhiqizwa izinkukhu ngokwemvelo awela ebhandeni lokudlulisa ngokusebenzisa ithileyi leqanda elithambekile, athunyelwa ngokulinganayo egumbini lokuhlunga amaqanda ekugcineni kwendlu yenkukhu ngokusebenzisa umugqa omkhulu wokudlulisa, futhi ahlungwa kuqala ngosayizi ngqo ngemuva kokuhlanza. Yonke le nqubo ayidingi ukuthintwa ngesandla amaqanda, okungagcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuqoqa kodwa futhi kunciphisa ubungozi bokungcola kwamagciwane.
Umehluko oyinhloko wedatha phakathi kwezindlela ezahlukene zokubutha amaqanda ezinkukhu eziyi-100,000 ubukhulu yilezi:
Indlela Yokubutha | Umsebenzi Wansuku zonke (izinyoni eziyi-100k) | Isilinganiso Sokwephuka Kwamaqanda | Izindleko Zomsebenzi Ngamaqanda ayi-10,000 (USD) |
Ukuqoqwa Ngokwesandla | Izinsuku Zomsebenzi Eziyi-8-10 | 4.5%–6% | 12.8 |
Ukuqoqwa Okuyingxenye Okuzenzakalelayo Okuncane | Izinsuku Zomsebenzi Eziyi-2-3 | 2.8%–3.5% | 4.2 |
Ukuqoqwa okugcwele okuzenzakalelayo okuhlanganisiwe | 0.5 usuku lomuntu | 0.8%–1.2% | 1.1 |
Kubalwe ngokusekelwe ekukhiqizeni amaqanda ansuku zonke okungamaphesenti angu-90 ezinkukhu eziyi-100,000, okungukuthi, amaqanda angu-90,000 ngosuku, uhlelo oluzenzakalelayo lokuvuna lulondoloza cishe izinsuku eziyi-7.5 zomsebenzi ngosuku uma kuqhathaniswa nokuvuna ngesandla. Kubalwe ngesilinganiso samaholo angama-15 USD ngehora emisebenzini yezolimo eNingizimu Korea, ukonga izindleko zomsebenzi zonyaka kuseduze no-210,000 USD, okungakwazi ukubuyisa imali etshalwe ezintweni zohlelo lokuvuna cishe eminyakeni emi-3. Ngaleso sikhathi, izinga lamaqanda aphukile lincishiswe ngamaphesenti angu-4, okusho ukuthi kungatholwa amaqanda aphilile angu-3,600 engeziwe nsuku zonke, futhi imali eyengeziwe yonyaka idlula u-160,000 USD kubalwe ngokusekelwe enanini eliphakathi lika-1.2 USD nge-dozen yamaqanda eNingizimu Korea.
Ngokuya ngokuhlanza nokubulala amagciwane, zonke izintambo zokuhambisa zisebenzisa izinto zenjoloba ezingagugiseki ezisezingeni lokudla ezinobuso obushelelezi, futhi uhlelo lugcina iziteshi zokugeleza ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ukubulala amagciwane njalo ngomlilo ophezulu kungaqedwa ngaphandle kokukhipha, okuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuphathwa kwezokuphepha kokudla kweNingizimu Korea ezixhumanisa ukukhiqizwa kwamaqanda.
5. Uhlelo Lokulawula Imvelo Oluhlakaniphile: Isiqinisekiso Sokukhiqiza Esizinzile Emapulazini Amakhulu
I-South Korea inezinkathi ezine ezihlukene, kunezihlobo ezishisayo nezimanzi lapho izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lingadlula ku-35 degrees Celsius, kanye namazinguba abandayo futhi omile lapho izinga lokushisa eliphansi lingase lehla ngaphansi kuka-minus 10 degrees Celsius. Ukushintsha okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama womoya ongashintsha kalula kubangela ukucindezeleka ezinkukweni, okuthinta ngqo ukusebenza kokukhiqiza. Uhlelo oluhlakaniphile lokulawula imvelo lwaleli phrojekthi lixhuma izinzwa eziningi ezisatshalaliswe ezindaweni ezahlukene zendlu yenkukhu, luqoqa idatha yesikhathi sangempela yezinga lokushisa, umswakama, ukugcwala kwe-ammonia kanye nesivinini somoya, futhi ngokuzenzakalelayo luguqule imishini yokungenisa umoya, yokupholisa, yokufudumala kanye yokunisela ukuze kugcinwe imvelo yangaphakathi yendlu yenkukhu izinzile ngaphakathi kobubanzi obuhle bokukhula kwezinkukhu.
Ebusika obushisayo, uhlelo luqala imodi yokuxhumanisa yokungenisa umoya okuyingcindezi engalungile nokupholisa ngekhethini elimanzi lapho izinga lokushisa lidlula ku-25 degrees Celsius. Lulungisa ivolumu yomoya ngokuvumelana nokuminyana kokuzalela kwesendlalelo ngasinye ukuze kugwenywe ukuphola okungalingani okulula ukwenzeka ezendlalelweni eziphakathi naphakathi nezakhe phezulu zokungenisa umoya ngesandla. Ebusika obubandayo, uhlelo luhlakaniphile lulawula isilinganiso sokungena komoya omusha nokujikeleza komoya wangaphakathi, okungagcini nje ngokugcina ikhwalithi yomoya kodwa futhi kunciphisa ukulahleka kokushisa, kugwema ukuwa okubukhali kwezinga lokushisa endlini okubangela ukugula kwezendlalelo. Ngokugxilisa i-ammonia, lapho inani lokutholwa lidlula ku-20ppm, uhlelo lwandisa ngokuzenzakalelayo imvamisa yokuphuma komoya, lugcina ikhwalithi yomoya ingaphakathi kwebanga eliphephile sonke isikhathi.
Ngemuva konyaka owodwa wokusebenza, idatha yemvelo yephrojekthi ibonisa ukuthi izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lonyaka lendlu yenkukhu lihlala ku-21-23 degrees Celsius, umswakama ohlobene ulawulwa ku-55%-65%, futhi ukugcwala kwe-ammonia kugcinwa kungaphansi kuka-15ppm unyaka wonke. Uma kuqhathaniswa namapulazi endabuko athembele ekulungiseni ngesandla, izinga elijwayelekile lonyaka lokulahla izinkukhu ezifayo kumaphrojekthi anjalo kuncishiswe ngamaphesenti angu-2.8, kanti izinga elijwayelekile lokubeka amaqanda lenyuke ngamaphesenti angu-4.1. Izimo zemvelo ezizinzile azithuthukisi nje kuphela ukusebenza kahle komkhiqizo, kodwa futhi kunciphisa ukwanda kwezifo zokuphefumula ezinkukwini kanye nesidingo semithi yezilwane, okusiza ukuthuthukisa izinga lokuphepha lamaqanda.
6. Uhlelo Oluhlanganisiwe Lokomisa Umquba: Hlangabezana Nezidingo Zemvelo Futhi Uqaphele Ukusetshenziswa Kwezinsiza
Uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe lokomisa umquba kuleli phrojekthi lwakha inqubo eqhubekayo evala ngokuphelele kanye nohlelo oluzenzakalelayo lokuhlanza umquba: umquba owenziwa izinkukhu ezendlalweni ngayinye uyawa phansi ebhandeni elikhulu lokuthutha umquba ngesikhala esingezansi kwesidleke, uthunyelwa ngqo komisa ongaphansi kwezinga lokushisa, futhi womiswa ngokushisa okuqhubekayo ukunciphisa umswakama ukusuka ku-75%-80% ube ngaphansi kuka-15%. Ngemuva kokomisa, umquba uyaphuma ngqo uyongiswa esitokisini esivaliwe, futhi wonke amaphunga akhiqizwa ngesikhathi senqubo yokwelapha ayakhishwa ngemuva kokuhlungwa ukuze kungabikho phunga, kugwenywe ukusakazeka kwamaphunga kusukela emthonjeni.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nendlela yendabuko yokomisa ngokwemvelo emachibini omquba avulekile, le ndlela yokwelapha ehlanganisiwe isusa ngokuphelele isigaba sokugcina umquba uvulekile, futhi inani le-ammonia elishintsha libe umoya lincishiswe ngaphezu kuka-90% uma liqhathaniswa nendlela yendabuko. Iphinde igweme inkinga yokungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ebangelwa ukuvuza komquba ezinsukwini zemvula, okuxazulula ngokuyisisekelo inkinga yokukhononda kwezihlali ezizungezile mayelana nephunga elihlasele amapulazi amaningi aseKorea. Ngokungafani nezinye izindlela zokwelapha zendabuko ezidinga ukuhlanza njalo nokuthutha umquba ngesandla, lonke uhlelo lwesistimu ehlanganisiwe lwenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo, okungadingi umsebenzi owengeziwe futhi kugweme ukungcola kwesibili okubangelwa ukuthuthwa komquba.
Umquba ngemuva kokwelashwa ngokomisa unokubaluleka okuphezulu kokusetshenziswa. Ungasetshenziswa njengento eluhlaza yokwenza umquba wezinto eziphilayo ngemuva kokugaywa nokucutshungulwa, uthengiswe emapulazini ezithelo nemifino endawo, noma usetshenziswe ngqo njengophele wokushisa izinto eziphilayo emabhoyileni asepulazini ukuze kuthathwe ingxenye yokusetshenziswa kwamandla kawoyela nogesi. Kulopho lweprojekthi olunamalanga angu-100,000, umkhiqizo wonyaka womquba omile ungaba amathani angu-1,200. Kubalwa ngentengo ejwayelekile engu-80 USD ngelitha lomquba wezinto eziphilayo, kungaletha imali eyengeziwe yonyaka engaba ngu-100,000 USD.
Ngokwesizinda semithetho yeNingizimu Korea eqinisa kakhulu ukuphathwa kwemfucuza yezilwane, le ndlela yokwelapha ehambisana nemithetho ayigcini nje ngokugwema ingozi yokukhokhiswa izinhlawulo ezinkulu ngokungalandeli, kodwa futhi ijika imfucuza ibe yigugu, ijike inkukhu yemfucuza yangempela ibe umthombo onenzuzo, okuthuthukisa izinzuzo ezibanzi zomnotho wepulazi.
I-4, Ukuhlaziywa Kwezinzuzo Zephrojekthi Nedatha Yokusebenza Yangempela
1. Ukuhlaziywa kwezindleko zokutshala imali kuphrojekthi yesikali esingu-100,000 wezinkukhu ezibeka amaqanda
Le phrojekthi yezinkukhu ezingama-100,000 inezindleko zokutshala imali ezilinganiselwa ku-2.15 million USD, ezihlanganisa izinto ezintathu eziyinhloko: ukuthengwa kwemishini, ukufakwa nokusebenza, kanye nemisebenzi yokwakha eyengeziwe. Ukuhlukaniswa kwezindleko okunemininingwane kuboniswe ngezansi:
Ingxenye yezindleko | Isamba sokutshala imali (USD) | Ingxenye yesamba sezindleko | Izindleko nge-10,000 wezinkukhu (USD) |
Ukuthengwa kwemishini eyinhloko (amageji + isethi ephelele yezinhlelo ezizenzakalelayo) | 1,354,500 | 63% | 13,545 |
Ukufakwa nokuthunyelwa emsebenzini (abasebenzi bendawo + ukulungisa uhlelo) | 279,500 | 13% | 2,795 |
Ukusekela imisebenzi yomphakathi (indlu yenkukhu + isisekelo + izindawo ezingezansi) | 516,000 | 24% | 5,160 |
Uma kuqhathaniswa utshalomali emandleni okukhiqiza amayunithi, iphrojekthi yakudala yamalitha angu-100,000 yokuzulazula noma yokubeka izinyathelo idinga indawo engu-2,200 kuya ku-2,500 square meters yendlu yenkukhu, futhi izindleko zeyunithi ngayinye kumalitha angu-10,000 zingaba ngu-2,800 USD ngaphezu kwaleli phrojekthi ngenxa yezindleko eziphakeme zomhlaba nezokwakha. Noma imishini ezenzakalelayo yezinyathelo inotshalomali oluphakeme lwemishini ekuqaleni, umhlaba ogciniwe nezindleko zokusebenza zesikhathi eside zikhokhela okokufaka kwangaphambili, okwenza utshalomali lweyunithi lwephrojekthi lube nokuncintisana emakethe yaseNingizimu Korea lapho umhlaba ubiza kakhulu.
2. Ukusebenza Kahle Nokubalwa Kwezinzuzo Zomnotho
Ngemuva konyaka owodwa wokusebenza okuzinzile, iphrojekthi isiqalile ukuba nedatha ephelele yokusebenza yangempela. Ukuqhathaniswa nedatha ejwayelekile yokufuya izinkukhu ezindlini ezindala eNingizimu Korea kulandelayo:
Inkomba Ebalulekile | Le Phrojekthi Ezenzakalelayo Yezindlu | Isilinganiso Sokufuya Okujwayelekile E-Ningizimu Korea |
Isitokwe esilawulwa ngomuntu ngamunye | Izinyoni eziyi-182,000 / umsebenzi wesikhathi esigcwele | Izinyoni eziyi-28,000 / umsebenzi wesikhathi esigcwele |
Isilinganiso samaqanda aphukile | 1.02% | 4.8% |
Isilinganiso sokubeka amaqanda minyaka yonke | 89.7% | 84.2% |
Isilinganiso sokuguqulwa kokudla (kg yokudla / kg iqanda) | 2.14 | 2.31 |
Isilinganiso sokufa minyaka yonke | 5.3% | 8.1% |
Kubalwe ngokusekelwe eminyakeni engu-10 yokuphila kwemishini kanye nentengo ejwayelekile yeqanda yasendaweni engu-1.2 USD nge-dozen, iphrojekthi ikhiqiza imali engenayo ephelele yonyaka engaba ngu-792,000 USD, kanye nenzuzo ephelele yonyaka ngemuva kokukhipha izindleko zokudla, umsebenzi, amandla nezinye izindleko zokusebenza ingaba ngu-318,000 USD. Isikhathi sokubuyisa utshalomali esingashintshi kuyo yonke iphrojekthi singu-6.76 iminyaka, okungamashumi-2 kuya kwangu-3 eminyaka kunamaphrojekthi amakhulu ajwayelekile, ngenxa yezinzuzo zezindleko zokusebenza eziphansi nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu okulethwa ukuzenzakalela.
Lesi sikhathi esifushane sokubuyisa imali sivelaphi konga njalo kwezindleko ezitholwa ezinhlelweni ezizenzakalelayo. Izindleko zonyaka zabasebenzi balo lonke ipulazi zidinga kuphela ama-USD angu-95,000, okuyingxenye eyi-1/5 yezindleko zabasebenzi epulazini elivamile elinamaloli angu-100,000. Imali engenayo etholakala ngokudayisa umquba owomile njengomkhiqizo owengeziwe yengeza ama-USD angu-96,000 engeziwe engenayo ngonyaka, okwenza isikhathi sokubuyisa imali sibe sifushane nakakhulu.
3. Izinzuzo Zemvelo Nezomphakathi zePhrojekthi Ezizenzakalelayo
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokuzalanisa ezijwayelekile, le phrojekthi ezenzakalelayo yehlisa ukukhishwa kwe-ammonia ngaphezu kuka-92% ngezinqamu eziyi-10,000, futhi iqeda ngokuphelele ukungcola okubangelwa umquba, iletha ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu kwemvelo ezindaweni ezizungezile. Inqubo yokukhiqiza evaliwe ngokuphelele eyenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo igwema umsebenzi onzima wokuhlanza umquba nokuqoqa amaqanda emapulazini ajwayelekile, kunciphisa kakhulu ubungozi bezempilo emsebenzini kubasebenzi abalwayo futhi kunciphise ingcindezi yokuqashwa ebangelwa ukungathandi kwentsha yaseKorea ukuzibandakanya kwezolimo.
Ngokuya ngekhwalithi yomkhiqizo, yonke inqubo yokuzalanisa iphethwe ngedatha ezizenzakalelayo. Wonke amaqanda angalandelelwa imvelo yokuzalanisa, izinto zokudla kanye nerekhodi lemithi, okuhlangabezana nesidingo sabathengi baseKorea samaqanda endawo aphephile, angalandelelwa. Amaqanda aphephile afanelekayo angathengiswa ngentengo ephakeme engu-5-8% uma eqhathaniswa namaqanda amaningi avela emapulazini amancane emakethe yaseKorea, okuletha imali eyengeziwe nezinzile epulazini ngenkathi kuhlangatshezwana nesidingo sabathengi sokudla kwekhwalithi ephezulu.
Isifinyezo sobuChwepheshe kanye neziNcomebo zeProjekthi Ezinkulu Zokulima Izinkukhu Zamaqanda
1. Izinto Ezibalulekile Ekukhetheni Imishini Yamakheji Ezinkukhu Zamaqanda Ezinkulu
· Hambisa inani lezinkukhu ezizolala nezindleko zendawo: Ezindaweni ezinamanani aphezulu omhlaba njengendawo yedolobha laseSeoul kanye neGyeonggi-do eNingizimu Korea, kukhethwa ukubekwa kwezinkukhu eziyi-10-12. Lokhu kungakhuphula ukusetshenziswa kwesikhala esiqondile futhi konga u-20%-30% wendawo yendlu yenkukhu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo eziyi-8. Ezifemini eziseJeolla-do ezinamanani aphansi omhlaba, izinkukhu eziyi-8-10 zingalinganisa izindleko zesikhala nobunzima bokusebenza, zigweme ukungena okukhulu kwemishini okubangelwa izinkukhu eziningi kakhulu.
· Hlela amakholomu ngokwendlela isayithi elakhiwe ngayo nezidingo zokusebenza: Ezindlini zenkukhu ezinde, eziyimibuthano ezivamile, amakholomu angu-3-4 anezindawo zokusebenza ezingu-2-3 kuyinto enhle kakhulu. Lokhu kuhlelwa kuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izindlu zezinkukhu zingafinyelelwa abasebenzi, kuyilapho kugwenywa ukumosha isikhala okubangelwa izindawo eziningi kakhulu zokusebenza. Ezindaweni ezincane, ezinde, ukuhlelwa kwamakhholomu amabili anendawo eyodwa yokusebenza kungavumelana nesimo sesayithi ngaphandle kokunciphisa isamba samandla okuzalela.
· Gcina isikhala sokwandisa ngokuhambisana nohlelo lwesikhathi eside: Uma uhlela ukwandisa isikali esikhathini esizayo, khetha ukuhlelwa kwamakhholomu okushiya u-10%-15% wesayithi elingenalutho esigabeni sokuklama. Gwema ukufuna ukuminyana okukhulu kokuzalela ngesikhathi esisodwa, lokhu kuzoshiya isikhala sokulungiswa kwemishini esilandelayo noma ukwanda kwezindawo zokuphepha kwezinto eziphilayo.
2. Izinkinga Ezivamile Nezixazululo Ekufakweni Nasekuhlolweni Kwamaphrojekthi
Ekufakweni kwalo msebenzi, sihlangabezane nezinkinga ezimbili ezijwayelekile ezivame kakhulu kumaphrojekthi amakhulu aseKorea, futhi sakha izixazululo ezihloselwe ngokucophelela ngokuhlola okwenziwa endaweni. Okokuqala, inkinga yokungalingani kwesisekelo ebangelwa ubumbene bomhlabathi othambile ezindaweni ezisogwini zaseChungcheongnam-do. Ngemuva kokufakwa kokuqala, ukuhlala kwesisekelo kwendawo kwabangela ukugoba kancane kwemishayo yomnyango ngamunye, okwahlupha ukusebenza kahle kwebhande lokudlulisa. Isixazululo esisisebenzisile kwaba ukwengeza ama-gaskets alungisekayo phansi komnyango ngamunye womnyango, ongakwazi ukulungisa kahle izinga ngemuva kokuhlala kwesisekelo kamuva, kugwenywe izindleko ezinkulu zokulungisa isisekelo. Okwesibili, ukungahambisani kokuxhumanisa uhlelo phakathi kohlelo oluphakathi lokuqoqa amaqanda kanye nohlelo lokulawula imvelo oluhlakaniphile. Amamojuli ahlukene ezinto ezivela kumaketanga ahlukene abanokwehluka kwezivumelwano zokuxhumana, okwaholela ekumeni okungajwayelekile kwebhande lokudlulisa lapho uhlelo lokungenisa umoya lwaqala ngamandla aphelele. Ithimba lethu lobuchwepheshe lilungise isikhombimsebenzisi sesivumelwano endaweni, lafaka isishintshi samandla esizimele sohlelo lokuqoqa, futhi laqeda ngokuphelele inkinga yokuxhumanisa okungajwayelekile. Ngamaphrojekthi afanayo wokubambisana kwezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene, kuyatuswa ukuthi umphakeli wezinto ezinkulu ahambisane ngokuhambisana kwezivumelwano esigabeni sokuqala, futhi agcine imijikelezo yokusabalalisa amandla ezinhlelo eziyinhloko ukuze kugwenywe ukuphazamiseka okuhlangene. Lezi zilungiso zaqoqa isipiliyoni esisebenzayo sokufakwa okulandelayo kwezindawo zamaphrojekthi afanayo eNingizimu Korea, kusiza ukunciphisa umjikelezo wokuhlola endaweni cishe ngo-15%.
3. Indlela Yokukhetha Umphakeli Wempahla Yokulima Izinkukhu Wamazwe Ngamazwe Ongathembekile
Kubalimi baseKorea abahlela ukwakha amapulazi amakhulu ezinkukhu ezibeka amaqanda, ukukhetha umphakeli wamazwe omhlaba ofanele kuyisici esibalulekile esinqumayo impumelelo yephrojekthi. Okokuqala, hlola ukuthi umphakeli unazo yini izitifiketi ezihambisana namazinga emishini yokulima yamazwe omhlaba, okubandakanya imibiko yokuhlolwa kwezinto ezakhiwe ngensimbi, isitifiketi sokuphepha kokudla kwezingxenye ezithinta amaqanda nokudla, kanye nesitifiketi sokuhambisana nemithetho yezemvelo ezinhlelweni zokwelapha. Lezi zitifiketi azisiqinisekisi kuphela ikhwalithi yemishini, kodwa futhi zisiza ukudlula ukwamukelwa kwemvelo nokuphepha kwasekhaya eNingizimu Korea. Okwesibili, phambili abaphakeli abanolwazi olunzulu emaphrojekthi afanayo aseKorea noma ase-East Asia. Ulwazi lwamaphrojekthi asekhaya lusho ukuthi umphakeli ulungise umklamo wemishini ngokwesimo sezulu sasekhaya, izimo zomhlaba, kanye nezimfuno zomthetho, futhi angakwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga ezivamile njengokumelana nokugqwala kwezinto kanye nokuhambisana nokwelashwa komquba, kugwenywe ingozi yokwenziwa kabusha ebangelwa ukungahambisani kwemishini ejwayelekile. Ekugcineni, hlola ukuqedwa kwenethiwekhi yezinsizakalo zangemuva kokuthengisa ezisekhaya. Imishini yokulima ezenzakalelayo enkulu idinga ukugcinwa njalo nokushintshwa kwezingxenye ezisele. Umphakeli onamaqembu ezinsizakalo zobuchwepheshe zasekhaya kanye nezinqolobane zezinto ezisele angaphendula ezinkingeni kungakapheli amahora angu-24, kugwenywe ukulahleka okukhulu kokukhiqiza okubangelwa ukungasebenzi kwemishini isikhathi eside. Gwema ukugxila kuphela enanini eliphansi lemishini, ungayinaki ikhono lokusekelwa ngemuva kokuthengisa, lokhu kuzoletha izindleko ezifihliwe eziphakeme kwinqubo yokusebenza yesikhathi eside.
VI. Isiphetho kanye Nombono Wesikhathi Esizayo
Le phrojekthi ye-100,000-layer 3-column 12-layer chicken cage eChungcheongnam-do ibeka isibonelo esihambisana ngokugcwele, esisebenza kahle kakhulu sokuthuthukiswa kwezinkukhu ezinkulu ezibeka amaqanda eNingizimu Korea. Ixazulula izinkinga eziyinhloko zemboni ezifana nokushoda komhlaba, ukukhuphuka kwezindleko zabasebenzi, kanye nemithetho eqinile yezemvelo ngokusebenzisa umklamo ohlangene owenziwe ngokuzenzakalelayo, okufakazela ukuthi ukufuya okuminyene kungalinganisela izinzuzo zezomnotho, ukuhambisana nemithetho yezemvelo, kanye nenhlalakahle yezilwane. Idatha yokusebenza yangempela ngonyaka owodwa ibonisa ukuthi ukulungiswa okuhle kakhulu kwezinkukhu ezibekwe ngamaleveli okuhlanganiswe nezinhlelo zokusekela ezizenzakalelayo kunganciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokukhiqiza, kwandise ukuphuma kwamaqanda, futhi kukhiqize imali eyengeziwe ngokusebenzisa umquba, okuhlinzeka ngemodeli engaphindwa abalimi bendawo abafuna ukwandisa noma ukwakha kabusha amapulazi asekhona.
Njengoba iNingizimu Korea iqhubeka nokucindezela ukuhlanganiswa kwezimboni nokuthobela imvelo, ukuzalanisa okukhulu kwezinkukhu ezibekayo okuzenzakalelayo kuzoba yindlela ebalulekile yokukhula emakethe yasekhaya. Izinkukhu ezincane nezimaphakathi eziningi kakhulu zizobuyekezwa kancane kancane ezinhlelweni zamajela ezibekayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuncintisana kwazo. Lo mphrojekthi ubuye ubonise ukufaneleka kwemishini yobuchwepheshe yaseShayina ezimakethe zaseKorea, futhi izohlinzeka ngosekelo oluqinile olusebenzayo kumaphrojekthi amaningi ezinkukhu ezibekayo ezinkulu ezizayo, kusiza ukukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa okuphelele komkhakha wokukhiqiza amaqanda eNingizimu Korea.
JONGA UHLA LWAMABHUKU ETHU
Thola Imibono Eyingqayizivele Yokulima Izinkukhu Nezibuyekezo Zomkhakha
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