Ungahlela Kanjani Ipulazi Lezinkukhu Eziyizinkulungwane Ezingama-50 Ezizenzakalelayo

Iphrojekthi enezingqimba eziyi-50,000 akuyona nje into yokuthenga amakheji anele ezinyoni eziyi-50,000. Kuwuhlelo lokukhiqiza lapho indlu yezinkukhu, ukuhlelwa kwamakheji, ukondla, ukuphuza, ukuqoqa amaqanda, ukususa umquba, ukungenisa umoya, ugesi kanye nokuphathwa kwansuku zonke kumele kusebenze ndawonye.

Lapho lezi zingxenye ziklanywa ngokwehlukana, ipulazi lingase libonakale liphelele ephepheni, kodwa izinkinga zivame ukuvela ngemva kokuba izinyoni zifakiwe: ukungalingani komoya, ukulethwa kokudla okunganele, umquba omanzi, ukuminyana kwamaqanda, ukulungisa okunzima noma umthwalo kagesi indawo engakwazi ukuwusekela. Indlela engcono ukuthi uqale ngesifinyezo sephrojekthi bese leso sifinyezo siqondisa zonke izinqumo zemishini.

Umbuzo omaphakathi wokuhlela

Ungabuzi nje ukuthi, “Imishini yezinkukhu eziyi-50,000 ibiza malini?” Qala ubuze, “Yiluphi uhlelo lokukhiqiza oluzosebenza ngokuthembekile kule ndawo ethile, ngaphansi kwalesi simo sezulu, naleli thimba, nalesi sabiwomali?”

Yakha Isifinyezo Sephrojekthi Ngaphambi Kokucela Isilinganiso Sezindleko

Umhlinzeki onomthwalo wemfanelo udinga okungaphezu kwenani lezinyoni. Ngaphambi kokuqhathanisa izilinganiso, lungiselela umbiko omfushane wephrojekthi oqukethe le mininingwane elandelayo:

Izwe, isifundazwe noma idolobha, ngoba isimo sezulu, ukuphakama, izinto zokuthutha kanye nemithetho yendawo kuthinta umklamo.
Usayizi weqembu elihlosiwe kanye nesigaba sokukhiqiza: izinkukhu ezincane, izinkukhu ezibekela amaqanda ezentengiselwano, izinkukhu ezizalelayo noma olunye uhlobo lwezinyoni.
Ukwakhiwa okusha noma indlu ekhona, okuhlanganisa ubude bangaphakathi, ububanzi kanye nobude obucacile bendlu ngayinye.
Uhlelo lwezindlu oluthandwayo kanye nanoma yiziphi izidingo zendawo zokunakekela izilwane noma zokugcina inani lezilwane.
Izinga lokuzisebenzela elifiswayo: ukondla, ukuphuza, ukususa umquba, ukuqoqa amaqanda, ukulawula isimo sezulu kanye nokuqapha kude.
Ugesi otholakalayo, i-voltage, i-frequency, umthamo we-transformer kanye nohlelo lokuphatha amandla okusebenza uma kungenwa ugesi.
Umthombo wamanzi, ukutholakala kwansuku zonke, indawo yokugcina, ingcindezi kanye nemiphumela yokuhlola ikhwalithi yamanzi.
Indlela yokuletha ukudla, indawo yesilo, ukufinyelela emgwaqweni kanye nohlelo lokugcina epulazini.
Indawo okuya kuyo umquba: ukususwa okuqondile, ukomiswa, ukugcinwa, ukwenza umquba noma ukukhiqiza umanyolo.
Amandla okufaka endaweni, ishejuli yephrojekthi ekhethwayo kanye nolwazi lomsebenzisi.

Uma enye yalezi zinto zokufaka ingaziwa, kufanele imakwe njengento evulekile esikhundleni sokuthi ithathelwe indawo ngokuqagela. Isilinganiso esisekelwe ekuqageleni okungaqinisekisiwe singabukeka siheha kodwa sidale izinguquko ezibizayo kamuva.

2. Nquma Ukuthi Izinkukhu Ezingama-50,000 Zizosatshalaliswa Kanjani

Awekho umbalo wezintambo noma usayizi wendlu ojwayelekile wezinkukhu ezingama-50,000. Umthamo uncike kumodeli yekheji, ubukhulu begumbi, inani lezitebhisi, inani lemigqa, imithetho yendawo yokugcina izinkukhu, izindlela zokusebenza kanye nendawo edingekayo yokudla, ukudluliswa kwamaqanda, ukukhishwa komquba kanye nemishini yokungenisa umoya.

Ipulazi lingase lisebenzise indlu enkulu eyodwa noma lihlukanise umhlambi phakathi kwezindlu ezimbili noma ngaphezulu. Indlu eyodwa inganciphisa izinto eziphindaphindwayo, kodwa izindlu ezimbalwa zingase zinikeze ukuguquguquka okwengeziwe ekusebenzeni, ukugcwalisa ngezigaba kanye nokuhlukaniswa phakathi kwemihlambi. Ukuhleleka okufanele kuncike emhlabeni, ezokuphepha kwezinto eziphilayo, abasebenzi, izindleko zokwakha kanye nesu likamnikazi lobungozi.

Umthamo wokugcina wezinyoni kufanele uvela emdwebeni ophumelele. Lo mdwebo kufanele ubonise imigqa ye-cage, inani leziqongo, ububanzi bezindlela, ukuhamba kokugcina, ama-conveyor aphakathi, ukukhishwa kwemfucumfucu, iziteshi zokudla, amaphaneli kagesi, iminyango kanye nokufinyelela okuphuthumayo. Kufanele futhi kuchaze isisekelo sokubala sezinyoni ngaphezulu komkhumbi.

3. Phatha iFarm njengohlelo lwezinto ezihlanganisiwe

Kwifamu yokulima ngokuzenzakalelayo, iphakheji yezinsiza ivame ukufaka lezi zinhlelo ezilandelayo:

Uhlelo	Umsebenzi omkhulu	Imibuzo yokuhlela
Uhlelo lwe-cage yokulima	Lugcina umndeni futhi lusekela ukudla, ukuphuza, ukuhamba kweqanda nokuhlukaniswa kwemfucumfucu	Imodeli, iziqongo, imigqa, usayizi womkhumbi, impahla, ukufinyelela nokuhambisana kwendawo
Uhlelo lokudla	Luhambisa ukudla kusuka esilozini noma ku-hopper kuye emigqeni nasemazingeni	Ukuvumelana kokulethwa, amandla okushayela, uhlobo lokudla, ukulawula nokusebenza okuphuthumayo
Uhlelo lokuphuza	Luhlinzeka ngamanzi ahlanzekile ngengcindezi efanele	Ikhwalithi yamanzi, ukuhlunga, ukulawulwa kwengcindezi, ukugeza nokugcina
Ukuqoqwa kwamaqanda	Idlulisela amaqanda asuka emabhande asemakhejini ayise endaweni emaphakathi	Isivinini sebhande, ukushintsha, ukuphakama, ukunqwabelana, ukuxhumana negumbi lokuhlunga
Ukususwa komquba	Isusa umquba ngaphansi kwesitezi ngasinye	Ububanzi bebhande, imvamisa yokuhlanza, indlela yokukhipha, ukuxhumana nendawo yokugcina noma yokomisa
Ukulawulwa kwesimo sezulu	Ilawula ukugeleza komoya, izinga lokushisa, umswakamo kanye nekhwalithi yomoya	Idatha yesimo sezulu, ukusebenza kwefeni, izindawo zokungena, ukupholisa, izinzwa nama-alamu
Ukukhanyisa nokulawula	Isekela uhlelo lwezinyoni futhi ixhumanisa imishini	Ukufana kokukhanya, amashejuli, ama-interlock, ukufinyelela kude kanye nemodi yokuqondisa

Izinsiza kanye nesipele

Igcina izinhlelo ezibalulekile zisebenza

Umthwalo kagesi, ijenereyitha, isipele samanzi, ukuvikeleka ekukhuphukeni kwamandla kanye nama-alamu

Izixhumanisi phakathi kwalezi zingxenye zibaluleke njengazo lezi zingxenye. Amabhande amaqanda kufanele adlulise ngaphandle kokudala ukwehla okukhulu noma ukuminyana. Amabhande omquba kufanele akhulule emgwaqweni ongakwazi ukuphatha umthamo wansuku zonke. Amafeni kufanele ahambise umoya wawo olinganiselwe ngaphansi kokumelana okudalwa izindlela zokungena, amaphedi kanye nesakhiwo. Izilawuli kufanele zivimbele ukulandelana okungaphephile kokuqala futhi zivumele abasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe ukuthi basebenzise imishini ebalulekile ngesandla lapho kunesidingo.

4. Khetha Uhlelo Lwekheji Lwephrojekthi, Hhayi Ibhrosha

Izinhlelo zekheji ezinamazinga amaningi zohlobo lwe-H zivame ukucatshangwa emapulazini amakhulu, azenzakalelayo kakhulu ngoba zisebenzisa indawo eqondile kahle futhi zihlangana kahle namabhande omquba kanye nokuqoqwa kwamaqanda okuzenzakalelayo. Izinhlelo zohlobo lwe-A zingafaneleka lapho izinga lokutshalwa kwezimali, ukuhlelwa kwesakhiwo, imodeli yokulungisa noma ukuzenzakalela okufiselekayo kuhlukile.

Isinqumo kufanele siqhathanise okungaphezu kwentengo yokuthenga. Buyekeza umthamo wezinyoni ongasetshenziswa, imininingwane yensimbi nokumbozwa, ukuphela kwe-mesh, ukufinyelela ezinyonini, indawo yokudla, izindawo zokuphuza, ukuhlukaniswa kwendle, ukukhishwa kwamaqanda, ukuhlanza, ukufinyelela kokulungisa kanye nokuhambisana kwayo yonke imishini yokushayela nezithuthi.

Imithetho yezilwane yendawo kufanele ihlolwe ngaphambi kokuba kukhethwe uhlelo lwezindlu. Amagama afana nekheji evamile, ikheji elicebile, uhlelo lwamakholoni kanye nokungabi nekheji awanayo incazelo yomthetho efanayo kuzo zonke izimakethe. Umhlinzeki wemishini akufanele athathe indawo yeseluleko somthetho sasendaweni.

5. Yakha Ukudla, Amanzi kanye Nokugcina Ngokwesidingo Esiphezulu

Izinhlelo zokudla namanzi ziyizinhlelo zokusekela ukuphila. Ukwakheka kwazo kufanele kusekelwe ohlotsheni lwezinyoni, ubudala, ukusetshenziswa okulindelekile, isimo sezulu kanye nohlelo lokusebenza lwansuku zonke, hhayi esilinganisweni esithathwe kwelinye ipulazi.

Okokudla, qinisekisa umthamo we-silo, imvamisa yokugcwalisa, ukufinyelela kwemoto yokuletha, ukuqapha izinga le-feed-bin kanye nomzila osuka endaweni yokugcina ukuya endlini ngayinye. Okwamanzi, hlola ikhwalithi ngaphambi kokukhetha impahla. Ukuhlunga, impahla yemithi, izilawuli zomfutho, amaphoyinti okukhipha amanzi kanye nomthamo wokugcina kufanele kuhlelwe ndawonye. Esikhathini esishisayo, isidingo samanzi singakhuphuka futhi uhlelo kufanele lugcine ukutholakala ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu.

Umngcele okufanele uhlonishwe

Izinhloso zokusetshenziswa kwezinyoni kufanele zivela kumhlahlandlela wamanje womfuyi okhethiwe kanye nodokotela wezilwane wasepulazini noma ithimba lezondlo. Ukuhlela impahla kufanele kunikeze umthamo nokulawula; akufanele kusungule izinhloso zebhayoloji.

6. Klama Ukungenisa Umoya Ngaphambi Kokuqeda Imigqa Yamakheji

Imihlahlandlela ye-FAO igcizelela ukuthi izindlu zezinkukhu kufanele zihlinzeke ngezinga lokushisa elifanele, umswakama kanye nokunyakaza komoya, futhi izinkampani ezinkulu zentengiselwano ziya ngokuya zithembela ekungeneni komoya ngomshini nangokuzenzakalelayo.[1] Endlini enezitezi eziningi, umoya kufanele ufinyelele ezinyonini kuwo wonke ububanzi, ubude kanye nokuphakama kwesakhiwo.

Umklami wokungenisa umoya udinga amazinga okushisa omklamo wendawo kanye nomswakama, ubukhulu bendlu, ukufakwa kwe-insulation, ukushisa kwezinkukhu kanye nomthwalo womswakama, ukuvinjelwa kwamakheji, izindlela zokusebenza eziqondiwe kanye nokumelana kwezindlela zokungena kanye namaphedi okupholisa. Inani labalandeli alikwazi ukukhethwa ngokuzibophezela ngokusuka enanini lezinkukhu kuphela.

Ukuhlelwa kufanele futhi kugcine indawo yabalandeli, izindlela zokungena, amaphedi okupholisa, ukufinyelela kwesevisi kanye nokuxubana komoya. Ukushintsha ukuhlelwa kwamakheji ngemva kokuba ukungenisa umoya sekubaliwe kungashintsha ukusatshalaliswa komoya kanye nengcindezi emile, ngakho-ke le miklamo emibili kufanele ibuyekezwe ndawonye.

7. Nquma Ukuthi Kuyokwenzekani Ngomquba Usuku Ngalunye

Ipulazi elinezitezi ezingama-50,000 likhiqiza umquba ngokuqhubekayo. Uhlelo lwebhande lungakhipha umquba endlini njalo, lusize ukuhlukanisa izinyoni nodoti onqwabelene, kodwa iphrojekthi isadinga indawo okuyiswa kuyo kanye nohlelo lokulawula.

Izindlela ezingenzeka zihlanganisa ukugcinwa okumboziwe, ukwenza umquba, ukusetshenziswa kwezolimo ngqo lapho kuvunyelwe khona, uhlelo lokomisa umquba noma ukucubungula okwengeziwe komanyolo. Ukukhetha kuncike emithethweni yendawo, umhlaba, isimo sezulu, isidingo somanyolo esiseduze, ibanga lokuthutha kanye nokuqukethwe komswakama okudingwa inqubo elandelayo.

Umzila womquba kufanele udwetshwe usuka ebhandeni likakheji uye endaweni yokugcina noma yokucubungula. Kufanele kufakwe izithuthi, izindawo zokudlulisela, ukufinyelela kwezimoto, ukuvikelwa emvuleni, ukulawula iphunga kanye nokufinyelela kokuhlanza. Izimangalo mayelana nemali engenayo yomanyolo kufanele zisekelwe kumthengi wangempela wendawo kanye nezinto ezihlolwe elabhorethri, hhayi isithembiso sokuthengisa esijwayelekile.

8. Khetha Izinga Lokuzihambela Elingagcinwa Ipulazi

Ukusebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo kunganciphisa umsebenzi ophindaphindwayo futhi kuthuthukise ukuvumelana, kodwa kuphela uma abasebenzi beqonda uhlelo futhi izingxenye ezisele zikhona. Ipulazi elisebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo ngokuphelele lisadinga ukuhlolwa kwansuku zonke, ukuhlanza, ukulungiswa okuvimbelayo, ukugcina amarekhodi kanye nokuphendula ngokushesha kuma-alamu.

Isinqumo esisebenzayo ukuhlukanisa imishini ibe amaqembu amathathu:

Amasistimu okusekela ukuphila abalulekile: umoya wokuphefumula, amanzi okuphuza namandla okuphuthumayo. Lawa adinga ama-alamu, izinqubo eziyisipele kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo ocacile.

Amasistimu okuhamba komkhiqizo: ukondla, ukuqoqa amaqanda nokususa umquba. Lawa adinga ukuhlela, izinto ezixhumene, ukuhlolwa okuvamile kanye nezinqubo zokulungisa ezenziwa ngabantu.

Amasistimu olwazi: ukuqapha imvelo, ukubala amaqanda, imibiko yezitayela nokufinyelela kude. Lokhu kufanele kusekele izinqumo ngaphandle kokufihla ukubonwa okuyisisekelo kwepulazi.

Uma ithimba lephrojekthi linolwazi olulinganiselwe lokuzenzakalela, ukuqeqeshwa nemibhalo kungaba nokubaluleka okukhulu kunokwengeza esinye isici esithuthukile. Ukuzenzakalela okuhle kufanele kwenze ukusebenza kucace, hhayi ukuthembela kumchwepheshe oyedwa.

9. Hlela Ukufakwa, Ukuhlola Nokuqeqeshwa

Ukulethwa kwemishini akusikho ukuqedwa kwephrojekthi. Ngaphambi kokuba izinyoni zifike, ithimba kufanele liqedele ukufakwa kwemishini, ukuhlola ugesi, ukuhlola amapayipi amanzi, ukusebenza okomile, ukusebenza ngenkathi kulayishiwe, ukuhlola izinsimbi eziyikhala kanye nezivivinyo eziphuthumayo.

Ukuhlola kufanele kuqinisekise ukulethwa kokudla emakhejini akude kakhulu, ingcindezi yeziphuzi nokuhlanza, ukulandelela kwamabhande, ukuqondana kokudluliswa kwamaqanda, ukukhishwa komquba, isiqondiso sefeni, ukunyakaza kokungena, ukufundwa kwezinzwa kanye namaphoyinti okulawula. Abasebenzi kufanele bathole izandbook, amashejuli okugcina, izinhlu zezingxenye eziyisipele kanye nemininingwane yokuxhumana nabaphathi.

Lapho kungenzeka, vumela isikhathi esanele phakathi kokuhlola nokubekwa kwezinyoni ukuze kulungiswe amaphutha ngaphandle kokubeka umhlambi engozini.

10. Qhathanisa Abahlinzeki Ngephrojekthi Efanayo

Izilinganiso ezimbili azifani uma enye ifaka amakheji kuphela kanti enye ifaka ama-conveyor, umoya, izilawuli, ukufakwa nokuhlola. Cela wonke umhlinzeki ukuthi asho ngokubhala okufakiwe, okungafakiwe kanye nokuqagelwayo.

Yimaphi amamodeli ekheji, imininingwane yensimbi/ukugqoka kanye nomthamo osetshenziswayo okufakiwe?
Yiziphi izingxenye zokudla, ukuphuza, amaqanda kanye nomquba ezifakiwe, futhi ngubani owenza izinto zokushayela?
Ngabe ukwakhiwa kokulawula isimo sezulu kufakiwe noma amafeni namaphedi kuphela?
Yiluphi ulwazi okufanele ikhasimende linikeze lona ngaphambi komsebenzi wokugcina wobunjiniyela?
Ngubani onomthwalo wemfanelo wesakhiwo, imisebenzi kagesi, uhlelo lwamanzi kanye nezisekelo zomphakathi?
Yikuphi ukwengamela ukufakwa, ukuhlola ukusebenza kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi okufakiwe?
Yiziphi izingxenye ezinikezwayo ukuze kuqalwe, futhi iyiphi indlela evamile yokushintsha?
Iyiphi iwaranti esebenzayo, futhi yiziphi izimo noma amarekhodi okugcina adingekayo?
Ingabe umhlinzeki angahlinzeka ngezinkomba zephrojekthi ezifanele ngaphandle kokwephula ubumfihlo bekhasimende?
Izinguquko zomklamo zizogunyazwa futhi zibhalwe kanjani?

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Kubiza malini umshini wezendlalelo ezingama-50,000?

Ayikho intengo evamile enesibopho. Izindleko ziyashintsha ngohlelo lwekheji, amazinga nemigqa, izinga lokuzenzakalela, ukucaciswa kwensimbi, ukungena komoya, ukwelashwa kwendle, ububanzi besakhiwo, ukuthutha, ukufakwa kanye nemisebenzi kagesi yendawo. Isilinganiso esiwusizo siqala ngesakhiwo esiqinisekisiwe kanye nobubanzi obubhaliwe.

Zingaki izindlu zezinkukhu ezidingekayo ukuze kube nezendlalelo ezingama-50,000?

Umhlambi ungafakwa endlini eyodwa noma eminingana. Isinqumo sincike kumodeli yekheji ekhethiwe, ubukhulu bendlu, isu le-biosecurity, umhlaba, ezomnotho zokwakha, ukuhlela umhlambi kanye nemithetho yendawo. Cela okungenani izinhlobo ezimbili zokuhlela ngaphambi kokunquma.

Ingabe ipulazi elizisebenzelayo ngokugcwele lidinga abasebenzi?

Yebo. Ukushintsha kwezinto kuguqula umsebenzi; akususi umthwalo wemfanelo. Abasebenzi basadingeka ukuze babheke izinyoni, balungise, bahlanze, bagcine amarekhodi, baqinisekise i-biosecurity, baphendule amaphutha futhi bathathe izinqumo zokuphatha.

Yiluphi ulwazi oludingekayo ukuze kwenziwe isiphakamiso sokuhlela?

Nikeza inombolo yezinyoni eziqondiwe, uhlobo lwezinyoni, izwe nendawo, ubukhulu bezindlu noma uhlelo lomhlaba, uhlelo oluthandwayo lokuhlala, isimo sezulu, ugesi, amanzi, indlela yomquba, izinga lokusebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo kanye neshejuli yephrojekthi.

Isinyathelo Sokuqala Esingcono

Uma uhlela iphrojekthi yezinkukhu ezingama-50,000, qala ngengxoxo emfushane yezobuchwepheshe kunokuba ucele intengo kuphela. Yabelana ngendawo yakho, inombolo yezinyoni, ubukhulu bezindlu, ugesi, umthombo wamanzi kanye nezinga lokusebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo olithandayo. Ithimba lemishini elinesibopho kufanele lisebenzise lolo lwazi ukulungiselela uhlelo, ububanzi kanye nohlu lwezinqumo ezivulekile—ngaphandle kokukucindezela ukuthi uthenge ngaphambi kokuba iphrojekthi icace.