Kwadalwa ngo 10.12

Kufanele kuxhumaniswe kanjani izikhala zendlu yezinkukhu, izisekelo kanye nokubopha imishini?

Izikhala zezindlu zezinkukhu, izisekelo kanye nezindawo zokubopha imishini kufanele zihlanganiswe ngesheduli eyodwa elawulwa ukubuyekezwa ngaphambi kokuba umsebenzi wokwakha othintekayo umiswe. Leso sheduli kufanele ixhumanise ukuhlelwa kwemishini yamanje nobukhulu besakhiwo, amazinga, imithwalo, imizila, izibopho kanye nezilinganiso zasendle. Akufanele neze ithathe indawo yokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo esiqondene nephrojekthi noma imvume yendawo.

Lesi yisinyathelo sokuxhumana ngokomzimba esiguqula ukuhlelwa kwepulazi lezinkukhu zentengiso kube umsebenzi ongakhiwa. Akusona isicaciso esisetshenziswa yonke indawo. Zonke izilinganiso, ukusabela, indlela yokubopha kanye nokubekezelelana kufanele kulandele imibhalo yephrojekthi evunyiwe, ububanzi benkontileka kanye nezidingo zasendle ezisebenzayo.

Kungani kufanele kuxhumaniswe lezi zinhlelo zokuxhumana ngaphambi kokuba ukwakhiwa kuqinisekiswe?

Indlu yezinkukhu ayiyona indawo engenalutho lapho imishini ingafakwa khona ngaso sonke isikhathi kamuva. Imigqa yamakheji, imigqa yokuphakela ukudla, izinto zokuhambisa amaqanda, izindlela zomquba, iziphephetha-moya, amasilo, amaphaneli okulawula kanye nokufinyelela kwesevisi konke kuhlangana nesakhiwo ezindaweni ezibonakalayo. Ukushintsha kwekholomu, izinga laphansi, ukuvuleka kodonga, umgodi noma umugqa wokulinganisa wemishini kungathinta izinhlelo eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa.

I-phrojekthi yamaqanda ayizigidi eziyi-1.1 yaseZhejiang ibonisa isigaba sokwakhiwa ngaphambi kokufakwa kwemishini. Kulesi sigaba, ithimba lephrojekthi lisadinga ukugcina indawo yemishini evunyelwe, isimo saphansi, izindlela zesevisi kanye nokufinyelela kokufaka kuhambisana nomsebenzi wokwakha.

Ukuxhumanisa kusenesikhathi akuqinisekisi ukuthi iphrojekthi ngeke ibe nezinguquko. Kwenza ukuthi izicabango zibonakale ngenkathi zisengabuyekezwa ngemidwebo nezinqumo ezilawulwayo esikhundleni sokutholakala ngesikhathi sokubhoboza, ukuphakamisa noma ukufaka.

Qala ngeshidi elilodwa lokulawula ukuxhumana

Dala uhlelo olulodwa olulawulwayo kukho konke ukuvuleka, isisekelo, ukusekelwa kanye nokuxhumana kwe-anchor. Irekhodi ngalinye kufanele likhombe:

i-ID yokuxhumana kanye nohlelo;
inombolo yomdwebo, ukubuyekezwa kanye nosuku;
indawo ngegridi, umugqa, ukuphakama noma inkomba yemishini;
ukuvuleka okudingekayo okucacile noma indawo egciniwe;
imininingwane yomthwalo noma yokusabela enikezwa umklami wemishini obhekele;
umnikazi wemininingwane yezokwakha noma yesakhiwo;
umthwalo wokumisa nokuqinisekisa indawo;
usuku lwesinqumo oludingekayo kanye nephoyinti lokubamba lokwakha;
isimo sokugunyazwa kanye namazwana angakaxazululwa.

Ishidi alilona esikhundleni semidwebo. Yirejista evimbela ukuthi isilinganiso esisemdweseni owodwa singahlukaniswa nengxenye yesakhiwo, ukubuyekezwa kwemishini noma umhloli obhekene nayo.

Xhumanisa amaqembu ayisithupha okuxhumana ngokomzimba

1. Indawo yokungena nokufakwa kwemishini

Hlola indlela isuka ekwehlisweni iya endaweni yokugcina, hhayi kuphela usayizi womnyango waphakade. Izingxenye ezinde, amayunithi okushayela, izingxenye ze-conveyor kanye nemishini yokuphakamisa kungase kudingeke izimbobo zesikhashana, indawo yokujika noma ukulandelana okuhlukile kokwakha.

Bhala ububanzi obucacile, ubude kanye nezinga lomzila ngamunye ngemva kokufakwa kozimele, ama-threshold, i-insulation, iminyango kanye nokuqedwa. Qinisekisa ukuthi ubani ongavala imbobo yesikhashana nokuthi yibuphi ubufakazi obudingekayo ngaphambi kokuvalwa.

2. Ukungena kwenqubo kanye nokusebenza

Imizila yokuphakela ukudla, amaqanda kanye nomquba ingase idlule ezindongeni zangaphandle, izihlukanisi, phansi noma ezindaweni zokusebenza. Imishini yokungenisa umoya, amanzi, amapayipi okudonsa amanzi, ugesi kanye nezintambo zokulawula kungadinga ezinye izimbobo zokudlula.

Kuyo yonke indawo yokudlula, khomba uhlelo, isiqondiso, umugqa waphakathi noma izinga lesithenjwa, indawo ekhululekile edingekayo, ukwelashwa kwesimo sezulu noma inhlanzeko, ukufinyelela kokuhlanganisa kanye neqembu elibhekele imininingwane yokugcina yesakhiwo. Ungasiki ilungu lesakhiwo noma ususe indawo yokudlula kumdwebo wemishini ngaphandle kokubuyekezwa uchwepheshe wezakhiwo obhekele.

Ukuxhumanisa kuba nzima kakhulu ku-iphrojekthi yesakhiwo sezitezi eziningi, lapho ukudla, amaqanda, umquba, abantu kanye nezinsizakalo kuhamba phakathi kwamazinga kanye nasezindlini.

3. Izitezi, imigodi, imisele kanye namazinga aqediwe

Ithimba lemishini lidinga isimo esisebenzisekayo esiphelile, hhayi kuphela ubukhulu begobolondo obujwayelekile. Bhala amazinga aphansi aphelile, izitebhisi, imithambeka, izindawo zokudonsa amanzi, amakhonco, imigodi nemisele ethinta ukumisa, ukufinyelela noma ukudlulisa imishini.

Imigqa emide ikhulisa umehluko omncane emazingeni nasemigqeni ephakathi, kodwa imikhawulo eyamukelekayo ihlukile ngokwemishini nangokwephrojekthi. Umhlinzeki kufanele asho izidingo zakhe zokufaka. Ithimba lezokwakha nelesakhiwo kufanele liqinisekise ukuthi indawo noma umsebenzi osekelayo uzohlangabezana kanjani nemibandela yephrojekthi esebenzayo. Umfaki kufanele ahlole kabusha isimo sangempela ngaphambi kokumisa.

4. Izisekelo nezindawo zokusekela

Eminye imishini ingase ithwale ngqo phansi; ezinye izinto zingase zidinge izisekelo eziqondile, izisekelo eziphansi, imigodi, amafreyimu noma ukuqiniswa kwendawo. Isixazululo esifanele sincike ekuphendukeni kwemishini, inhlanganisela yemithwalo, isakhiwo esisekelayo, isimo sikakhonkolo noma sentsimbi, ijiyometri, imvelo kanye nekhodi esebenzayo.

Umhlinzeki wemishini kufanele anikeze imininingwane enembile yesixhumi esibonakalayo ngaphakathi kobubanzi bakhe. Uchwepheshe wendawo onekhono wesakhiwo kufanele aklame noma agunyaze ukusabela kwesakhiwo futhi anqume ukuthi yikuphi ukuhlolwa okudingekayo. I-American Concrete Institute's ingosi ye-ACI 318 iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuklanywa nokuchazwa kukakhonkolo wesakhiwo kulawulwa izidingo zekhodi ezisemthethweni; ithimba lephrojekthi kufanele likhombe ukuthi iyiphi ikhodi kanye noshicilelo olusebenzayo endaweni.

5. Izindawo zokubambelela nokufaka

Ungakuphathi uphawu lokubambelela njengokuklanywa okuphelele kokubambelela. Ngaphambi kokubhoboza noma ukusakaza izinto zokufaka, hlanganisa i-baseplate noma ijiyometri yokufaka, imithwalo, izimo zomphetho, ukuqiniswa noma izinto ezishumekiwe, isimo kakhonkolo, indlela yokufaka, indawo yokugqwala, izidingo zokuhlolwa kanye nokufinyelela kwamathuluzi.

Akukho bubanzi obulodwa be-anchor, ukujula, ibanga lonqenqema noma inani lokuqinisa elilungele wonke amaphrojekthi epulazi lezendlalelo. Sebenzisa imininingwane yemishini egunyaziwe, umklamo wesakhiwo, imiyalelo yohlelo lokulungisa olukhethiwe kanye nezidingo zendawo ezisebenzayo. Uma noma yikuphi kwalokhu kushintsha, misa futhi uhlole ukuxhumana okuthintekile.

6. Izinsiza, izilawuli kanye nokufinyelela kokunakekela

Imishini yepulazi lezendlalelo ezenzakalelayo ngokuphelele ixhumanisa imishini yemishini namanzi, ugesi, izilawuli, ukungena komoya, ukunyakaza kwamaqanda kanye nokuphathwa komquba. Qinisekisa izindawo zokuxhumana, ukufinyelela kokuhlukanisa, imizila yekhebula namapayipi, izikhala zamaphaneli, izindawo zezinzwa kanye nendawo yokunakekela ngaphambi kokuba izindonga, uphahla noma amagumbi emishini kulungiswe.

Isisekelo sezinsiza kufanele futhi sihambisane nokukuqinisekisiwe kwephrojekthi ulwazi lukagesi namanzi ngaphambi kwesilinganiso sentengo. Indawo yokuxhumana edwetshwe ngaphandle komthamo otholakalayo, ingcindezi, i-voltage, isivikelo noma umthwalo wemfanelo ayiyona indawo yokuxhumana eqediwe.

Ubani okufanele ahlinzeke, aklame, agunyaze futhi aqinisekise?

Iqembu	Umthwalo ojwayelekile wokuxhumana	Umngcele
Umhlinzeki wemishini	Isakhiwo samanje semishini, izindawo zokuxhuma, ukusabela kanye nezidingo zokufaka ngaphakathi kobubanzi benkontileka	Akugunyazi ngokuzenzakalelayo isakhiwo esiphelele, isisekelo noma ukuhambisana nemithetho yendawo
Umthengi noma umnikazi wephrojekthi	Qinisekisa izinqumo zokusebenza, ububanzi, igunya lesinqumo, isheduli kanye nokufinyelela olwazini lwephrojekthi	Ukugunyazwa akufanele kufihle ukuchezuka okungaziwa noma kudlulisele umthwalo wobuchwepheshe welinye iqembu
Umklami wendawo kanye nonjiniyela	Hlanganisa okokufaka kwemishini emiklamweni yezakhiwo, yesakhiwo, kagesi kanye nezakhiwo; bhekana nezidingo zendawo ezisebenzayo	Idinga okokufaka okunembile nokwamanje kumhlinzeki
Unkontileka wezokwakha noma we-EPC	Yakha ngokwemibhalo egunyaziwe, xhumanisa ukulandelana futhi ubike umehluko noma izimo zendawo	Akufanele kuguqulwe ukuxhumana ngokungakahleleki
Umfaki noma ithimba locwaningo	Qinisekisa izinkomba zokumaka kanye nezimo zangempela ngaphambi komsebenzi wemishini	Akuthathi indawo yokugunyazwa komklami ophethe

Inkontileka ingase yabele izindima ngendlela ehlukile. Bhala inhlangano ebophezelekile kanye nomzila wokuthatha izinqumo ogamaliwe womgudu ngamunye esikhundleni sokuncika kuphela ezikhundleni zomsebenzi.

Sebenzisa ukulandelana kwezigaba ezine zokumisa nokuqinisekisa

Isigaba 1: ukuxhumanisa umqondo

Qinisekisa imigqa yemishini, imizila emikhulu yesevisi, igridi yesakhiwo, ukuphakama okucacile, isu lokungena kanye nezindawo ezinkulu zemishini yangaphandle. Gcina okokufaka okungaxazululiwe kubonakala.

Isigaba 2: ukumiswa koxhumano lokwakha

Khipha ulwazi olulawulwayo lokuvula, isisekelo, ukusekela kanye ne-anchor oludingekayo ngaphambi kokuba umsebenzi wokwakha othintekayo uqhubeke. Vala ukuphawula noma dala izindawo zokubamba ezicacile. Ungabizi ulwazi lokuqala njengolugunyazelwe ukwakhiwa.

Isigaba 3: ukuqinisekiswa kwenkundla ngaphambi kokufakwa

Ngaphambi kokumiswa kwemishini, qhathanisa imidwebo egunyaziwe yamanje nezilinganiso zangempela, amazinga, izimbobo, izindawo zokusekela kanye nokufinyelela. Bhala ukuphambuka futhi uthole isinqumo esivela kubathintekayo ngaphambi kokubhoboza, ukulungisa noma ukuguqula isakhiwo.

Isigaba 4: irekhodi lokwakhiwe njengoba kunje kanye nokunikezwa

Bhala izinguquko ezigunyaziwe kanye nesimo sokugcina sokuxhumana esidingekayo ukuze kulungiswe, izingxenye zokushintsha kanye nokwandiswa kwesikhathi esizayo. Imidwebo eseyidluliwe kufanele igcinwe kodwa isuswe ngokucacile ekusetshenzisweni okusebenzayo.

Izimpawu eziyisixwayiso okufanele zimise umsebenzi olandelayo

Misa umsebenzi othintekile uma imidwebo yemishini neyokwakha isebenzisa izinguqulo ezihlukene; indawo evulekile edingekayo ayinayo imininingwane yesakhiwo; imithwalo noma ukusabela akukho; izindawo zokubopha zingqubuzana nemiphetho, ukuqinisa, izinto ezifakiwe noma izinsiza; amazinga angempela ahlukile kusisekelo esigunyaziwe; indawo yokungena yesikhashana ihlelwe ukuvalwa ngaphambi kokulethwa; umbuyekezi obhekene nomsebenzi akacaci; noma ushintsho lwamazwi lwakamuva alubhalwanga.

Impendulo efanele ayisona njalo ukumisa yonke iphrojekthi. Chaza indawo ethintekile, vikela umsebenzi osewenziwe, khomba imisebenzi ephephile engathintekile futhi ukhiphe isinqumo esilawulwayo mayelana nokuxhumana.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa

Ingabe umhlinzeki wemishini kufanele aklame izisekelo zendlu yezinkukhu?

Akwenzi ngokuzenzakalela. Umhlinzeki kufanele anikeze okokufaka kwemishini okunembile ngaphakathi kobubanzi bakhe. Ochwepheshe bendawo abaqeqeshiwe bakulo msebenzi kufanele baklame noma bagunyaze izisekelo kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwesakhiwo ngaphansi kwenkontileka nezimfuneko ezisetshenziswayo.

Ingabe usonkontileka womsebenzi wokwakha angabeka izindawo zokubamba kusukela kusakhiwo esijwayelekile?

Isakhiwo esijwayelekile kungenzeka singabi nolwazi olwanele lokubamba. Sebenzisa imininingwane yokulungisa/yokuxhumana egunyaziwe, idizayini yesakhiwo, izinkomba zokumisa kanye nokubuyekezwa kwamanje.

Kufanele kufakwe nini izikhala?

Faka isikhala ngasinye ngaphambi kokuba umsebenzi wesakhiwo noma wokuvalelela othintekayo ube nzima ukushintsha, kodwa kuphela ngemva kokuba umzila wemishini oxhunyiwe kanye nemininingwane yesakhiwo ebophezelekile kuxhumanisiwe.

Ingabe izikhonkwane ezifakwe ngemuva kokwakha zingaxazulula ukuxhumana okushiyiwe?

Kwesinye isikhathi isisombululo esiklanyelwe esifakwe ngemuva kokwakha singase sibe khona, kodwa akusikho ukulungisa okuzenzakalelayo. Unjiniyela ophethe kufanele abuyekeze imithwalo, isisekelo, ukuma komumo, ukuqiniswa okukhona/izinsiza, izidingo zokufaka kanye nezimvume ezisebenzayo.

Yini okufanele ihlolwe ngaphambi kokuba ukufakwa kwemishini kuqale?

Hlola imidwebo yamanje, izinkomba zokuhlola, ubukhulu obusebenzisekayo, amazinga aqediwe, izimbobo, imigodi, izindawo zokusekela, izindlela zokufaka, izinsiza kanye nokwehluka okungaxazululiwe. Bhala umphumela kanye nabantu abagunyaziwe ukukhulula umsebenzi.

Ingabe imvume yomthengi idlulisa umthwalo womsebenzi wobunjiniyela?

Cha, imvume ejwayelekile akufanele ihunyushwe ngale ndlela. Iqembu ngalinye lihlala linomthwalo wolwazi lwalo olusivumelwano, umklamo kanye nomsebenzi, ngokuya ngesivumelwano kanye nomthetho osebenzayo.

Xhumanisa ukuxhumana ngaphambi kokuba isiza samukele ushintsho

Umgomo osebenzayo umrekhodi owodwa wamanje oxhumanisa izidingo zemishini nomsebenzi wokwakha kanye nabantu abagunyaziwe ukuthatha izinqumo. Ngaphambi kokuba ukwakhiwa noma ukufakwa kuqhubeke, thumela imidwebo yakamuva yendlu, ububanzi bemishini, amazinga esiza, imizila yesevisi, ukulandelana kokwakhiwa kanye noxhumana nabo bendawo yokuklama.

I-DAOFENG ingasiza ekubuyekezeni izakhiwo ezihlobene nemishini kanye nolwazi lwezixhumanisi endaweni yesivumelwano se-layer-farm. Izinqumo zokugcina zomphakathi, zesakhiwo, zikagesi kanye nezomthetho zihlala zisezinhlangothini zamaphrojekthi ezifanele kanye neziphathimandla ezinamandla.

Izindaba Ezihlobene